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Conflating the Muslim refugee and the terror suspect

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Madeline-Sophie (Maddy) Abbas argues that the convergence of the “Muslim refugee” and the “terror suspect” as threatening mobilizes a racialized biopolitics present in intersecting counter-terrorism and asylum regimes that prioritise security concerns above human rights.

Image courtesy of interviewee. April 18, 2024

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This video video discusses a study exploring the Syrian refugee situation, particularly how it is framed as a crisis in Europe, often leading to contradictory responses—security measures from governments versus grassroots compassion. The author introduces the concept of the "human rights-security nexus" and elaborates on the "Concentration Gothic" framework, which analyzes the racialized terror in contexts of domination and exception, drawing parallels with historical instances of racial oppression.

The study critiques the UK government's Syrian Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme, identifying five key aspects of governance—nation construction and exclusion; spatial control; racial profiling and surveillance; restrictions on political engagement; and internal divisions within affected groups. It highlights how Muslim refugees are often viewed as threats to national identity, reinforced through narratives that portray them as victims needing civilizational support while simultaneously depicting them as uncivilized.

This video video references significant political events, such as Brexit, and their implications on attitudes toward refugees. It critiques how populist nationalist sentiments have fueled antagonism towards refugees, associating them with security risks, and emphasizes that the categories of "human" and "refugee" are subject to scrutiny, where recognition and safety must be earned.

The author argues that the portrayal of refugees reflects broader issues of race and colonial dynamics, illustrating ongoing challenges in balancing humanitarian responses with security concerns, especially in light of contemporary geopolitical conflicts like those in the Middle East. This video video ultimately underscores the racialized nature of refugee policies and the transformations in public and governmental attitudes toward asylum seekers.

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X-TIMESTAMP-MAP:LOCAL=00:00:00.000,MPEGTS=900000

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The study aimed to explore,

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how the Syrian refugee, so-called crisis.

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Um, and here, it's important to say

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that it's only framed as a crisis when it affects Europe.

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Um, and so this crisis

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or so-called crisis, prompted, contradictory,

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responses of securitization

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of European boardings on the one hand,

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and grassroots, compassion on the other.

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Um, and, so what I refer to as,

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the human rights Security nexus.

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Um, and I applied, this framework

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for understanding racial terror,

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which I term the concentration we gothic.

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Um, and,

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and I've developed this in, in a, in a book

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as well called Terror in the Dynamism of Islam,

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Islamophobia in 21st Century Britain,

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the Concentration Gothic, rather long title.

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Um, and, so the concentration gothic framework,

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it draws together the concentration, as a, as a prism

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or a framework for understanding the operation

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of racial terror, in states of exception

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and other structures of, domination.

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Um, and this works in conjunction with the Gothic.

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Um, so the gothic here represents, a group

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or culture, which is stigmatized as being,

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uncivilized un progressive, or bar barbaric.

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Um, and that's, and it's constant, it's contrasted

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with the civilized self.

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Um, and this is often a racialized distinction between,

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Europeanist and, and non-European, along the lines of,

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of race, religion, and culture.

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Um, and the term concentration rate, it derived from the,

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sort of post, Holocaust moment.

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Uh, so, the French theorist, Risso,

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he coined the term concentration, universe, in 1946.

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And it was to capture the, the terrors of totalitarian rule,

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at this time in which, everything is possible.

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Um, and so the concentration universe is a political system

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characterized by terror, where its victims are devoid

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of all basics, human rights.

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Um, but theories such as, CSL de P*****k

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and Max Silverman, they argue that,

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the concentration rate comes from this particular historical

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context, but it's not confined to it.

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'cause it also speaks to earlier context of terror,

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and, and is relevant to, subsequent,

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iterations within systems of, of dominance as well.

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Um, where the logic of the camp is, is the norm.

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Um, so in my theory as a concentration with Gothic,

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I'm keen to show how, Terra is racialized

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and has a racialized history, from the plantation,

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the colony, and the camp.

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Um, and, you know, so for example, how,

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colonial leg legacies play out in the, the present treatment

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of racialized minorities.

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Um, and so, the concentration of gothic, comprises,

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five key areas of governance, which are,

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racialized and racialized.

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So, these are, nation construction

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and exclusion, spatial control, racial profiling

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and screening and surveillance practices, restrictions

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to freedom of speech and political engagement.

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Um, and then, then the production

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of internal divisions within the oppressed group.

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Um, and so in the article I applied this concentration,

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we gothic framework to explore how the UK government's,

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Syrian, vulnerable persons re resettlement scheme,

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comprises these five aspects.

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Um, and thus functions as an example of,

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racial governance or biopolitics and biopolitics.

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Here, sort of a drawing from, fuko, refers to how,

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government, power functions through the management

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and regulation of a population's bodies and lives.

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So in this case, through managing whether Syrian populations

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can be resettled in the uk.

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So, so just to give a bit bit of background.

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So the, the UK government launched the,

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Syria vulnerable persons re resettlement scheme

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or the VPRS, after in 2014

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after significant, political pressure from,

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the un refugee agency in,

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in grassroots organizations as well.

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So there was significant,

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grassroots mobilization in support of, of refugees,

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you know, so particularly the ci century cities movement.

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Um, and, so the government agreed

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to resettle 20,000 Syrian in the UK by 2020,

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and they would be granted refugee status,

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but obtaining citizenship was still a pro projected process,

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which could take sort of up to up to five years.

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Um, but in terms of the, the concentration

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of gothic framework, so, I explore how, it,

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it operates within the, this resettlement program.

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So firstly through, nation construction and exclusions.

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Uh, so Syrian Muslims are represented as a, a threat

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to European identity in terms

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of ethnicity, religion, and culture.

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Um, and so the scheme,

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although ostensibly benevolent, reaffirms Muslims

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as gothic others associated with, liberal

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and barbaric behaviors.

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So those who are deemed vulnerable, are judged

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as being vulnerable on the basis of, religion, gender,

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disability, sexuality,

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and prioritized for humanitarian intervention.

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Um, but this reaffirms them as victims of the Muslim other,

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who's in need of modernization, democratization

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and secularization.

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Um, and also the association of the Middle East with

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war violence, persecution, despotism and, and poverty.

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Um, and it produces Europe as anti, antithetical to, to,

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the Middle East as benevolent develops, superior

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and, and importantly conceals its own

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role in wars and violence.

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And of course, its colonial history in the Middle East,

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again, maintaining the division on which the gothic is based

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between the civilized and, and the uncivilized.

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Um, and then the second aspect of concentration in Gothic,

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which is facial control.

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So I explore the racialized practices of designating spaces

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of safety and non-safety.

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Um, so despite introducing the, the scheme,

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the UK government actually prioritized allocating

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humanitarian aid to Syria

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and the region rather than resettling

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Syrians in the uk.

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Um, and this was presented as a means

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of protecting Syrians from making

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the dangerous journey to Europe.

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Um, but an alternative reading of this is actually that,

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humanitarian aid functions as a containment strategy.

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Uh, so it prolongs Syrian's risk,

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by prioritizing UK citizens security, amid phase of,

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Islamist, terrorists exploiting refugee re roots,

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to perpetrate attacks within Europe.

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Uh, so particularly after the, the 2015 Paris terror attack.

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Um, so what we see here is the, the conflation

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of the Syrian refugee, and the terrorist suspect.

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Um, and so humanitarian aid enables the UK

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to perform this role as, as Ben Bene benevolent benefactor,

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whilst keeping Syrians away from Europe.

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Um, and the third aspect is the,

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racial profiling and surveillance.

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So, so cases were submitted to the UN Refugee Agency,

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to be screened by the home office.

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Uh, and this involved biometric and bio data

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and also profile building as well

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to determine suitability for resettlement.

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Um, and of course, there's a long standing history

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of surveillance practices that are used to monitor

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and exert control over racialized populations.

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Uh, and it shows how, counter terrorism measures

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and the refugee regime converge.

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Um, and this, this shift from, human rights to,

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to security in determining refugee status,

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which contest the universalism actually of, the human

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and worthy of protection, which is enshrined by the,

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1951 un refugee convention.

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Um, and the fourth aspect is, restrictions to freedom

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of speech and political engagement.

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So, for the refugee to be recognized, as a refugee

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and ref, recognition is the important aspect here.

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Um, they must be dive diverse divested of agency,

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both political and social.

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Um, so political leanings are used as,

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as a screening criteria,

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and it's part of this profile

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that's built about the potential refugee, similar to

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how, profiles are used in preemptive

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counter-terrorism policing.

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Um, so how to, the terms refugee

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and terrorists are designated are similar to the designation

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of moderate and extremists within the UK War and Terror.

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Um, and both of these mechanisms work to,

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depo politicize, depoliticize individuals.

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Um, and the final aspect is the internal divisions

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that are produced within the oppressed groups.

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So, this is created

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because members must compete for recognition

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of vulnerable victim requiring resettlement,

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which engenders this, asymmetric relationship

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of vulnerability and protector.

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Um, and this is implied by the scheme's name, you know,

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it's the Syrian vulnerable person re resettlement scheme.

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Um, and so it reinforces con this conception of,

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of the refugee as a victim that requires saving,

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and, to be seen as a victim, the,

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the potential refugee must perform a

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non-threatening refugee.

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Um, and the, UK state actors then take up this,

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this role of a dominant position, which,

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is a neo-colonial

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Configuration of white benevolence

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or, a contemporary manifestation of the white savior.

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So Brexit was accompanied by, a populist nationalism

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that vilified immigration.

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Um, and it raised particular questions

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concerning the relationship between, Britain and Europe.

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And within this context, the perceived failure

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of multiculturalism in the UK is often coalesced

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around the Muslim question,

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particularly in the post nine 11 context,

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from the self-segregation parallel lies framing post the,

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2001 disturbances in the, in the north of England,

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to the 2005 London bombings

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and ASC descendants of the homegrown terrorist category,

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to more recent terrorist attacks,

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and the threat of the, the foreign fighter

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or the Jihadi bride traveling to Syria.

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Um, and as with the case of the Manchester Bomber,

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returning to the UK after being trained in Syria

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to commit a terrorist attack, so Muslims are sort

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of positioned here as,

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threatening bodies within the nation's borders

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and trans nationally through convergence of the,

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the immigrant, the refugee,

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and the terror suspect categories.

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So the article rules parallels between the securitization

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of Muslims within the war on terror context,

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and construction of Syrian refugees as threats.

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Um, so the article looks at these, two case studies,

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which provide insight of how, Brexit,

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the Brexit context shapes articulations

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of the Syrian refugee, through two gothic discourses.

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Um, so I look at,

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firstly the reverse colonization discourse, which is,

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a gothic discourse linked to perceived decline,

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or threat to national and racial identity

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and security, whereby the purportedly,

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civilized world is invaded by primitive forces.

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Um, and this invokes a a reassertion of englishness

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by drawing on fears of being displaced, so

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that England becomes an alienation.

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Um, and explore this narrative through the, the,

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the controversial breaking point poster, which was, used

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by former Kopp leader Nigel Farage.

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And Kopp is the, the United Kingdom Independence Party,

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the right wing populist party.

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Um, and the poster was used as part of the,

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the leave campaign,

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during the 2016 EU referendum in Britain.

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Uh, and it very much played on these fears of being invaded

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by asylum seekers.

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Uh, that I argue is this, contemporary re reworking

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of reverse colonization.

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Um, and the poster depicted lines

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of people largely from conflicts in Syria,

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seeking refuge in Europe.

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Um, so it's, a stark example of how race was mobilized

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for political ends during Brexit.

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Uh, and it was actually reported

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to the Metropolitan police inciting racial hatred.

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Um, and the, the two sort of key aspects,

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concerning this, human rights security nexus,

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which I discuss in relation to the poster.

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Um, so firstly, how the poster illustrates

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how the concentration rate, seeps into

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and shapes contemporary racial configurations

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and intersects with, gothic discourses,

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whereby racialized groups, groups are constructed

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as threats to the nation.

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Um, so current depictions

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of the Muslim other invaded invading Europe demonstrate

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historical continuities with, with antisemitism

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and the go authorization of the figure of the Jew.

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Um, and, the trope of invasion.

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And its, semantic association with the parasite,

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which was present in antisemitism in 19th century England,

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was reflected in the gothic narrative of the time

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and the figure of this, nation list wandering Jew,

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which was emblematic of the Jewish question.

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Um, and with the breaking point poster, it was not long

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before comparisons were made,

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with a Nazi propaganda film.

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Um, and that film depicted unwanted Jewish refugees

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during World War ii, seeking refuge,

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and subtitles on the historic image describe them

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as parasites undermining their, their host countries.

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Um, and so with the, the refugee figures, Muslim,

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it's articulated through, a similar discourse

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of white dispossession centered on the loss

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of national identity, following the admittance

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of refugees, into Britain.

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Um, and the second point is that the poster invites us

12:58.085 --> 13:01.605
to consider at the heart of racialized biopolitical regimes

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and terror formations in which they're premised,

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whose human rights should be protected.

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Um, or another way of looking at it is whose

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lives can be put at risk.

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Um, and so de depicting Middle Eastern,

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looking refugees on massive security threats,

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divorces them from their particular histories of flight,

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including, of course

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how these displacement are in part a result

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of UK foreign policy.

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Um, and it places the rights of UK citizens above those

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of asylum seekers.

13:28.665 --> 13:30.325
The second gothic narrative,

13:30.325 --> 13:31.925
which I discussed in the article,

13:31.945 --> 13:33.485
is the discourse of degeneration.

13:34.025 --> 13:36.045
Um, and explore this through the figure of the,

13:36.045 --> 13:39.165
the Syrian man child, and threat of white dispossession.

13:39.625 --> 13:41.925
Um, so the, the gothic discourse of de de,

13:41.925 --> 13:45.285
degeneration is concerned with, defining the contours

13:45.385 --> 13:47.605
of a culture in crisis,

13:47.625 --> 13:49.645
and the gothic maps an alternative trajectory

13:49.785 --> 13:52.125
to the certainties of science,

13:52.145 --> 13:53.965
for determining the presence of criminality

13:54.105 --> 13:55.325
and not securing the subject.

13:55.745 --> 13:58.605
Um, so he, it's figured by the manchild,

13:58.605 --> 14:01.205
whose potential in, in determination poses alarm.

14:01.705 --> 14:04.245
Um, and so the manchild, which is the,

14:04.245 --> 14:07.085
the male asylum seeker posing it as a child to gain entry

14:07.085 --> 14:09.685
to the uk, is a recent iteration

14:09.705 --> 14:11.605
of the deceit belt Arab,

14:11.605 --> 14:14.565
that reanimate the gossiped discourse of the degeneration

14:14.625 --> 14:15.925
by embodying the threat

14:15.925 --> 14:18.285
of the nation collapsing into bar and chaos.

14:18.945 --> 14:22.205
Um, and this figure condenses feeds of the Syrian refugee

14:22.345 --> 14:24.685
and terror suspect posing the security risk

14:24.685 --> 14:26.205
to the normative white populace

14:26.505 --> 14:29.085
by illegally entering Britain's borders through false

14:29.225 --> 14:32.805
or mistaken identity, which is a key gothic trope,

14:32.905 --> 14:35.045
and exploiting Britain's hospitality,

14:35.105 --> 14:37.245
or enacting atrocities against her inhabitants.

14:37.905 --> 14:40.805
So in this example, I refer to the home office's,

14:40.805 --> 14:43.845
commitment to resettling vulnerable children from the Cali

14:43.845 --> 14:46.285
camp known as the Jungle following its dissolution in

14:46.285 --> 14:47.485
October, 2016.

14:47.905 --> 14:49.485
Uh, and this was part of the,

14:49.665 --> 14:52.165
the Dublin three agreement, included in the,

14:52.265 --> 14:56.085
the Immigration Act 2016, which recognizes the human rights

14:56.085 --> 14:58.405
of refugee children with close family in the UK

14:58.425 --> 14:59.645
to be reunited.

15:00.305 --> 15:03.725
Um, and, it sparked, vociferous debates,

15:03.905 --> 15:05.245
around determining the ages

15:05.245 --> 15:06.885
of child refugees to be resettled.

15:07.305 --> 15:08.645
And this provides another instance

15:08.645 --> 15:10.805
of the human rights security nexus,

15:10.805 --> 15:13.245
and ways in which the categories of this human

15:13.385 --> 15:15.565
and what is humane are contested.

15:16.465 --> 15:19.445
Um, and I refer to an article in the Express,

15:19.445 --> 15:22.725
which reports from the media route, on the admittance

15:22.725 --> 15:24.965
of child refugees following the call as,

15:25.035 --> 15:27.205
furious tirade at the liberal elite.

15:27.205 --> 15:29.885
It's referred to, for opting to send the pictures

15:29.885 --> 15:31.685
of child migrants arriving in the uk.

15:32.345 --> 15:35.445
Um, and so I'm not making claims to representative,

15:35.635 --> 15:38.245
with the article, but it provides a useful illustration of

15:38.265 --> 15:40.845
how the Brexit context has shaped attitudes

15:40.845 --> 15:41.965
to refugee resettlement.

15:42.425 --> 15:44.245
Um, and in the article, they,

15:44.245 --> 15:45.885
the white nationalist takes up the position

15:45.945 --> 15:49.445
of a dispossessed white subject threatened not only

15:49.505 --> 15:51.485
by the presence of Muslim looking refugees,

15:51.785 --> 15:54.445
but subscribers to a liberal discourse by white elites

15:54.445 --> 15:56.285
that contra, contravenes the rights

15:56.285 --> 15:57.645
of white working class Britains.

15:58.065 --> 16:00.085
Um, and so this illustrates the debates

16:00.085 --> 16:02.045
concerning differentiating the,

16:02.085 --> 16:04.805
illegitimate economic migrant from the rightful

16:04.885 --> 16:06.085
refugee to be protective.

16:06.505 --> 16:09.165
Um, and it pits the refugee against the white working class

16:09.165 --> 16:12.085
citizen as a threat to their economic security,

16:12.085 --> 16:14.565
which not only fuels antagonists towards refugees,

16:14.825 --> 16:16.045
but exposes the limits

16:16.105 --> 16:20.085
of hospitality towards refugee resettlement altogether,

16:20.105 --> 16:23.045
and difficulties in the ascertaining the real refugee,

16:23.145 --> 16:26.165
who in this example, falls others by pretending

16:26.165 --> 16:27.925
to be a vulnerable child,

16:28.195 --> 16:30.885
legitimates dehumanizing screening practices

16:30.885 --> 16:33.365
to be undertaken, for us to recognize them as humans

16:34.045 --> 16:35.165
worthy of our protection.

16:35.425 --> 16:37.725
And this further illustrates a shift from human rights

16:37.725 --> 16:39.365
to security,

16:39.425 --> 16:42.045
and differentiating the legitimate refugee from the

16:42.205 --> 16:45.005
undeserving involves reducing the refugee to the body

16:45.345 --> 16:48.245
and even further to the constituent body parts.

16:48.745 --> 16:53.445
Um, and this is most starkly displayed in the 2016,

16:53.445 --> 16:57.245
human rights, issue concerning the use of dental X-rays

16:57.245 --> 16:59.365
to determine the ages of children seeking refuge.

17:00.345 --> 17:02.605
Um, and, what I argue is that the act

17:02.605 --> 17:05.885
of accepting refugees, which is a humane act, is

17:05.885 --> 17:07.965
nonetheless conditioned, in this context

17:08.185 --> 17:11.165
by inhumane activities that are legitimized

17:11.425 --> 17:13.005
to so-called protect humanity,

17:13.145 --> 17:15.485
but which point to the ever present possibility

17:15.485 --> 17:17.205
of the ruination of the human subject.

17:17.785 --> 17:19.045
Um, yeah. So,

17:19.275 --> 17:21.605
there's been a seismic shift from viewing asylum

17:21.605 --> 17:23.485
through the lens of human rights to security,

17:23.545 --> 17:25.205
and this has profound implications.

17:25.825 --> 17:28.045
Um, and so we see the conflation of the asylum

17:28.185 --> 17:30.605
and counter-terrorism, and,

17:30.625 --> 17:33.605
and this, has, you know, ongoing implications

17:33.605 --> 17:35.525
for securing, sanctuary within the UK

17:35.585 --> 17:39.885
for Muslims in particular, arising from these conflicts.

17:40.065 --> 17:41.325
Um, so, you know,

17:41.385 --> 17:44.085
if we think about the contemporary implications for the,

17:44.085 --> 17:46.525
the current Israel Palestine conflicts,

17:46.585 --> 17:48.845
and ongoing questions of repatriation affecting

17:48.845 --> 17:50.680
British, British Muslim women and children in camps in

17:50.680 --> 17:52.445
Syria, for example,

17:52.625 --> 17:54.965
and these racialized screening strategies,

17:54.965 --> 17:57.125
that involve profile building and biometrics

17:57.125 --> 18:00.645
and biodata to assess whether individuals are risky,

18:00.705 --> 18:02.005
is comparable to,

18:02.005 --> 18:03.565
preventative counter-terrorism measures

18:03.565 --> 18:06.525
that produce both a suspect populations,

18:06.585 --> 18:09.565
and further perpetuates this racialized hierarchy of humans

18:09.855 --> 18:11.445
where safety is not secured,

18:11.465 --> 18:13.005
but must be recognized and earned.

18:13.705 --> 18:17.245
Um, and this requires that the, the, the refugee,

18:17.465 --> 18:19.205
is subject to scrutiny,

18:19.705 --> 18:21.805
and, they have to submit their personal narratives

18:21.805 --> 18:24.165
that are palat palatable to the demands

18:24.165 --> 18:27.565
of western democratic states by performing a depoliticized

18:27.565 --> 18:28.645
and non-threatening self.

18:29.065 --> 18:30.965
Um, and this, perpetuates,

18:30.965 --> 18:32.845
neo-colonial configurations of the,

18:32.845 --> 18:33.925
vulnerable and protector.

18:34.505 --> 18:38.525
Um, and, the concentration we gossip framework,

18:38.945 --> 18:41.845
is, is useful for understanding these racialized practices

18:41.845 --> 18:44.165
of, you know, as I've mentioned, nation construction,

18:44.325 --> 18:46.525
spatial control, racial profiling and surveillance

18:46.525 --> 18:48.965
and screening practices, restrictions to freedom of speech

18:48.965 --> 18:49.965
and political engagement

18:49.965 --> 18:52.325
and internal divisions produced within the oppressed group,

18:52.705 --> 18:55.525
and how these are legitimated by these gossip discourses,

18:55.905 --> 18:58.885
that present Muslims, as uncivilized them and,

18:58.945 --> 19:01.565
and barbaric, who pose a threat to,

19:01.805 --> 19:02.925
national security and identity.

19:03.505 --> 19:05.605
Uh, and this framework is applicable to other context

19:05.745 --> 19:08.525
as well, involving states of, of exception as systems

19:08.525 --> 19:09.765
of dominance,

19:09.765 --> 19:12.965
because it adopts this sort of a relational, logics

19:12.965 --> 19:16.725
for understanding how race, racism, traverse time and space.

19:17.265 --> 19:19.845
Um, and it's also, important

19:19.905 --> 19:23.405
for drawing these continuities between how these, forms

19:23.405 --> 19:25.765
of racial terror, operates.

19:25.905 --> 19:28.845
Um, and, you know, so I, I sort of map out the,

19:28.845 --> 19:31.485
the links between antisemitism and, and Islamophobia.

19:31.865 --> 19:34.245
Um, you know, and, and often those are, those are kind

19:34.245 --> 19:35.805
of positioned in, in sort of polarizing ways.

19:35.865 --> 19:38.565
But, you know, it's, it's very important to see

19:38.565 --> 19:42.805
that those things, those, those, two, as forms of,

19:42.825 --> 19:46.005
of racism and then important logics that, connect them.

19:46.545 --> 19:50.125
Um, and, the, what I sort

19:50.125 --> 19:51.845
of argue in this article is that the figure

19:51.845 --> 19:53.965
of the refugee highlights that the category

19:53.965 --> 19:55.285
of the human is not secured.

19:55.665 --> 19:58.885
Um, it's recognition as human that is required for safety

19:58.885 --> 20:00.485
and security to be granted.

20:01.065 --> 20:03.205
Um, and we continue to see this happening.

20:03.665 --> 20:07.245
Um, and, you know, in terms of the, the current sort

20:07.245 --> 20:11.045
of refugee regime, continues to be racialized

20:11.185 --> 20:12.365
and converged with security

20:12.385 --> 20:14.285
and what we're a moment of real turmoil

20:14.285 --> 20:16.045
concerning the question of, of refugees.

20:16.585 --> 20:19.685
Um, the Rwanda bill, highlights the move away from the,

20:19.685 --> 20:21.485
from government policies of resettlement

20:21.485 --> 20:22.725
and meeting refugee rights

20:22.915 --> 20:25.885
that have been enshrined in the refugee co convention,

20:25.885 --> 20:27.565
which the UK is a signatory to

20:27.825 --> 20:29.565
by extraditing asylum seekers.

20:30.025 --> 20:32.565
Um, and the ongoing instability in the Middle East

20:32.565 --> 20:34.005
and the refugee crisis engendered

20:34.005 --> 20:36.845
by the Israel Palestine conflict presents another instance

20:36.845 --> 20:38.085
of how the Muslim question

20:38.105 --> 20:40.805
and the terrorist aspect is articulated and conflated.

20:41.225 --> 20:43.805
Um, and indeed the introduction of a revised definition

20:43.805 --> 20:46.525
of extremism in the uk, in the context

20:46.625 --> 20:49.925
of the conflict highlights how the security agenda continues

20:49.925 --> 20:52.605
to predominate the Muslim question, the Palestine question,

20:53.105 --> 20:55.165
and the bubble, the question of human rights.

Exploring the Syrian Refugee Crisis Framework

00:00:00 - The study aimed to explore, how the Syrian refugee, so-called crisis. and here, it's important to say that it's only framed as a crisis when it affects Europe. and so this crisis or so-called crisis, prompted, contradictory, responses of securitization of European boardings on the one hand, and grassroots, compassion on the other. and, so what I refer to as, the human rights Security nexus. and I applied, this framework for understanding racial terror,
00:00:33 - and, and I've developed this in, in a, in a book as well called Terror in the Dynamism of Islam, Islamophobia in 21st Century Britain, the Concentration Gothic, rather long title. and, so the concentration gothic framework, it draws together the concentration, as a, as a prism or a framework for understanding the operation of racial terror, in states of exception and other structures of, domination. and this works in conjunction with the Gothic.
00:01:05 - or culture, which is stigmatized as being, uncivilized un progressive, or bar barbaric. and that's, and it's constant, it's contrasted with the civilized self. and this is often a racialized distinction between, Europeanist and, and non-European, along the lines of, of race, religion, and culture. and the term concentration rate, it derived from the, sort of post, Holocaust moment. so, the French theorist, Risso,
00:01:38 - And it was to capture the, the terrors of totalitarian rule, at this time in which, everything is possible. and so the concentration universe is a political system characterized by terror, where its victims are devoid of all basics, human rights. but theories such as, CSL de P*****k and Max Silverman, they argue that, the concentration rate comes from this particular historical context, but it's not confined to it.
00:02:09 - and, and is relevant to, subsequent, iterations within systems of, of dominance as well. where the logic of the camp is, is the norm. so in my theory as a concentration with Gothic, I'm keen to show how, Terra is racialized and has a racialized history, from the plantation, the colony, and the camp. and, you know, so for example, how, colonial leg legacies play out in the, the present treatment of racialized minorities.
00:02:41 - five key areas of governance, which are, racialized and racialized. So, these are, nation construction and exclusion, spatial control, racial profiling and screening and surveillance practices, restrictions to freedom of speech and political engagement. and then, then the production of internal divisions within the oppressed group. and so in the article I applied this concentration, we gothic framework to explore how the UK government's,

Racial Governance in Syrian Refugee Resettlement

00:03:13 - comprises these five aspects. and thus functions as an example of, racial governance or biopolitics and biopolitics. Here, sort of a drawing from, fuko, refers to how, government, power functions through the management and regulation of a population's bodies and lives. So in this case, through managing whether Syrian populations can be resettled in the uk. So, so just to give a bit bit of background. So the, the UK government launched the,
00:03:44 - or the VPRS, after in 2014 after significant, political pressure from, the un refugee agency in, in grassroots organizations as well. So there was significant, grassroots mobilization in support of, of refugees, you know, so particularly the ci century cities movement. and, so the government agreed to resettle 20,000 Syrian in the UK by 2020, and they would be granted refugee status, but obtaining citizenship was still a pro projected process,
00:04:17 - but in terms of the, the concentration of gothic framework, so, I explore how, it, it operates within the, this resettlement program. So firstly through, nation construction and exclusions. so Syrian Muslims are represented as a, a threat to European identity in terms of ethnicity, religion, and culture. and so the scheme, although ostensibly benevolent, reaffirms Muslims
00:04:47 - and barbaric behaviors. So those who are deemed vulnerable, are judged as being vulnerable on the basis of, religion, gender, disability, sexuality, and prioritized for humanitarian intervention. but this reaffirms them as victims of the Muslim other, who's in need of modernization, democratization and secularization. and also the association of the Middle East with war violence, persecution, despotism and, and poverty.
00:05:20 - the Middle East as benevolent develops, superior and, and importantly conceals its own role in wars and violence. And of course, its colonial history in the Middle East, again, maintaining the division on which the gothic is based between the civilized and, and the uncivilized. and then the second aspect of concentration in Gothic, which is facial control. So I explore the racialized practices of designating spaces of safety and non-safety.
00:05:50 - the UK government actually prioritized allocating humanitarian aid to Syria and the region rather than resettling Syrians in the uk. and this was presented as a means of protecting Syrians from making the dangerous journey to Europe. but an alternative reading of this is actually that, humanitarian aid functions as a containment strategy. so it prolongs Syrian's risk, by prioritizing UK citizens security, amid phase of, Islamist, terrorists exploiting refugee re roots,

Racial Profiling and Refugee Conflation in the UK

00:06:21 - so particularly after the, the 2015 Paris terror attack. so what we see here is the, the conflation of the Syrian refugee, and the terrorist suspect. and so humanitarian aid enables the UK to perform this role as, as Ben Bene benevolent benefactor, whilst keeping Syrians away from Europe. and the third aspect is the, racial profiling and surveillance. So, so cases were submitted to the UN Refugee Agency, to be screened by the home office.
00:06:54 - and also profile building as well to determine suitability for resettlement. and of course, there's a long standing history of surveillance practices that are used to monitor and exert control over racialized populations. and it shows how, counter terrorism measures and the refugee regime converge. and this, this shift from, human rights to, to security in determining refugee status, which contest the universalism actually of, the human and worthy of protection, which is enshrined by the,
00:07:28 - and the fourth aspect is, restrictions to freedom of speech and political engagement. So, for the refugee to be recognized, as a refugee and ref, recognition is the important aspect here. they must be dive diverse divested of agency, both political and social. so political leanings are used as, as a screening criteria, and it's part of this profile that's built about the potential refugee, similar to how, profiles are used in preemptive
00:07:56 - so how to, the terms refugee and terrorists are designated are similar to the designation of moderate and extremists within the UK War and Terror. and both of these mechanisms work to, depo politicize, depoliticize individuals. and the final aspect is the internal divisions that are produced within the oppressed groups. So, this is created because members must compete for recognition of vulnerable victim requiring resettlement, which engenders this, asymmetric relationship
00:08:27 - and this is implied by the scheme's name, you know, it's the Syrian vulnerable person re resettlement scheme. and so it reinforces con this conception of, of the refugee as a victim that requires saving, and, to be seen as a victim, the, the potential refugee must perform a non-threatening refugee. and the, UK state actors then take up this, this role of a dominant position, which, is a neo-colonial Configuration of white benevolence
00:09:00 - So Brexit was accompanied by, a populist nationalism that vilified immigration. and it raised particular questions concerning the relationship between, Britain and Europe. And within this context, the perceived failure of multiculturalism in the UK is often coalesced around the Muslim question, particularly in the post nine 11 context, from the self-segregation parallel lies framing post the, 2001 disturbances in the, in the north of England,

Constructing Refugees as National Threats

00:09:29 - and ASC descendants of the homegrown terrorist category, to more recent terrorist attacks, and the threat of the, the foreign fighter or the Jihadi bride traveling to Syria. and as with the case of the Manchester Bomber, returning to the UK after being trained in Syria to commit a terrorist attack, so Muslims are sort of positioned here as, threatening bodies within the nation's borders and trans nationally through convergence of the, the immigrant, the refugee, and the terror suspect categories. So the article rules parallels between the securitization
00:10:02 - and construction of Syrian refugees as threats. so the article looks at these, two case studies, which provide insight of how, Brexit, the Brexit context shapes articulations of the Syrian refugee, through two gothic discourses. so I look at, firstly the reverse colonization discourse, which is, a gothic discourse linked to perceived decline, or threat to national and racial identity and security, whereby the purportedly,
00:10:35 - and this invokes a a reassertion of englishness by drawing on fears of being displaced, so that England becomes an alienation. and explore this narrative through the, the, the controversial breaking point poster, which was, used by former Kopp leader Nigel Farage. And Kopp is the, the United Kingdom Independence Party, the right wing populist party. and the poster was used as part of the, the leave campaign, during the 2016 EU referendum in Britain.
00:11:06 - by asylum seekers. that I argue is this, contemporary re reworking of reverse colonization. and the poster depicted lines of people largely from conflicts in Syria, seeking refuge in Europe. so it's, a stark example of how race was mobilized for political ends during Brexit. and it was actually reported to the Metropolitan police inciting racial hatred. and the, the two sort of key aspects,
00:11:37 - which I discuss in relation to the poster. so firstly, how the poster illustrates how the concentration rate, seeps into and shapes contemporary racial configurations and intersects with, gothic discourses, whereby racialized groups, groups are constructed as threats to the nation. so current depictions of the Muslim other invaded invading Europe demonstrate historical continuities with, with antisemitism and the go authorization of the figure of the Jew.
00:12:07 - And its, semantic association with the parasite, which was present in antisemitism in 19th century England, was reflected in the gothic narrative of the time and the figure of this, nation list wandering Jew, which was emblematic of the Jewish question. and with the breaking point poster, it was not long before comparisons were made, with a Nazi propaganda film. and that film depicted unwanted Jewish refugees during World War ii, seeking refuge,

Racial Narratives in Refugee Discourse

00:12:38 - as parasites undermining their, their host countries. and so with the, the refugee figures, Muslim, it's articulated through, a similar discourse of white dispossession centered on the loss of national identity, following the admittance of refugees, into Britain. and the second point is that the poster invites us to consider at the heart of racialized biopolitical regimes and terror formations in which they're premised, whose human rights should be protected.
00:13:08 - lives can be put at risk. and so de depicting Middle Eastern, looking refugees on massive security threats, divorces them from their particular histories of flight, including, of course how these displacement are in part a result of UK foreign policy. and it places the rights of UK citizens above those of asylum seekers. The second gothic narrative, which I discussed in the article, is the discourse of degeneration. and explore this through the figure of the, the Syrian man child, and threat of white dispossession.
00:13:41 - degeneration is concerned with, defining the contours of a culture in crisis, and the gothic maps an alternative trajectory to the certainties of science, for determining the presence of criminality and not securing the subject. so he, it's figured by the manchild, whose potential in, in determination poses alarm. and so the manchild, which is the, the male asylum seeker posing it as a child to gain entry to the uk, is a recent iteration
00:14:11 - that reanimate the gossiped discourse of the degeneration by embodying the threat of the nation collapsing into bar and chaos. and this figure condenses feeds of the Syrian refugee and terror suspect posing the security risk to the normative white populace by illegally entering Britain's borders through false or mistaken identity, which is a key gothic trope, and exploiting Britain's hospitality, or enacting atrocities against her inhabitants. So in this example, I refer to the home office's,
00:14:43 - camp known as the Jungle following its dissolution in October, 2016. and this was part of the, the Dublin three agreement, included in the, the Immigration Act 2016, which recognizes the human rights of refugee children with close family in the UK to be reunited. and, it sparked, vociferous debates, around determining the ages of child refugees to be resettled. And this provides another instance of the human rights security nexus,
00:15:13 - and what is humane are contested. and I refer to an article in the Express, which reports from the media route, on the admittance of child refugees following the call as, furious tirade at the liberal elite. It's referred to, for opting to send the pictures of child migrants arriving in the uk. and so I'm not making claims to representative, with the article, but it provides a useful illustration of how the Brexit context has shaped attitudes

Refugee Crisis: Security vs. Human Rights

00:15:42 - and in the article, they, the white nationalist takes up the position of a dispossessed white subject threatened not only by the presence of Muslim looking refugees, but subscribers to a liberal discourse by white elites that contra, contravenes the rights of white working class Britains. and so this illustrates the debates concerning differentiating the, illegitimate economic migrant from the rightful refugee to be protective. and it pits the refugee against the white working class citizen as a threat to their economic security,
00:16:14 - but exposes the limits of hospitality towards refugee resettlement altogether, and difficulties in the ascertaining the real refugee, who in this example, falls others by pretending to be a vulnerable child, legitimates dehumanizing screening practices to be undertaken, for us to recognize them as humans worthy of our protection. And this further illustrates a shift from human rights to security, and differentiating the legitimate refugee from the
00:16:45 - and even further to the constituent body parts. and this is most starkly displayed in the 2016, human rights, issue concerning the use of dental X-rays to determine the ages of children seeking refuge. and, what I argue is that the act of accepting refugees, which is a humane act, is nonetheless conditioned, in this context by inhumane activities that are legitimized to so-called protect humanity,
00:17:15 - of the ruination of the human subject. yeah. So, there's been a seismic shift from viewing asylum through the lens of human rights to security, and this has profound implications. and so we see the conflation of the asylum and counter-terrorism, and, and this, has, you know, ongoing implications for securing, sanctuary within the UK for Muslims in particular, arising from these conflicts. so, you know, if we think about the contemporary implications for the,
00:17:46 - and ongoing questions of repatriation affecting British, British Muslim women and children in camps in Syria, for example, and these racialized screening strategies, that involve profile building and biometrics and biodata to assess whether individuals are risky, is comparable to, preventative counter-terrorism measures that produce both a suspect populations, and further perpetuates this racialized hierarchy of humans where safety is not secured, but must be recognized and earned. and this requires that the, the, the refugee,
00:18:19 - and, they have to submit their personal narratives that are palat palatable to the demands of western democratic states by performing a depoliticized and non-threatening self. and this, perpetuates, neo-colonial configurations of the, vulnerable and protector. and, the concentration we gossip framework, is, is useful for understanding these racialized practices of, you know, as I've mentioned, nation construction, spatial control, racial profiling and surveillance and screening practices, restrictions to freedom of speech

Racial Terror and the Refugee Crisis

00:18:49 - and internal divisions produced within the oppressed group, and how these are legitimated by these gossip discourses, that present Muslims, as uncivilized them and, and barbaric, who pose a threat to, national security and identity. and this framework is applicable to other context as well, involving states of, of exception as systems of dominance, because it adopts this sort of a relational, logics for understanding how race, racism, traverse time and space. and it's also, important
00:19:23 - of racial terror, operates. and, you know, so I, I sort of map out the, the links between antisemitism and, and Islamophobia. you know, and, and often those are, those are kind of positioned in, in sort of polarizing ways. But, you know, it's, it's very important to see that those things, those, those, two, as forms of, of racism and then important logics that, connect them. and, the, what I sort
00:19:51 - of the refugee highlights that the category of the human is not secured. it's recognition as human that is required for safety and security to be granted. and we continue to see this happening. and, you know, in terms of the, the current sort of refugee regime, continues to be racialized and converged with security and what we're a moment of real turmoil concerning the question of, of refugees. the Rwanda bill, highlights the move away from the, from government policies of resettlement
00:20:22 - that have been enshrined in the refugee co convention, which the UK is a signatory to by extraditing asylum seekers. and the ongoing instability in the Middle East and the refugee crisis engendered by the Israel Palestine conflict presents another instance of how the Muslim question and the terrorist aspect is articulated and conflated. and indeed the introduction of a revised definition of extremism in the uk, in the context of the conflict highlights how the security agenda continues to predominate the Muslim question, the Palestine question,
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