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The Battle for the Black Mind

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How has the struggle to control the education of African Americans from the Civil War to Brown v. Board of Education shaped racial inequalities and defined access to American democracy? Discover the pivotal roles of philanthropies, religious groups, and black educators in “The Battle for the Black Mind” by Dr. Karida Brown.

Image courtesy of interviewee. November 15, 2024

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This video discusses the historical context and ongoing struggles of Black education in America, particularly following the Emancipation Proclamation. After the Civil War, newly freed Black individuals prioritized reconnecting with family, establishing Black institutions (especially churches), and pursuing education as vital tools for liberation.

The author highlights the significant interests of both the Black community and wealthy elite in shaping Black education, which became a means of controlling the moral fabric of society. A segregated and unequal school system was established, particularly in the South, where Black schools were often underfunded and focused on an industrial education model tailored for domestic and agricultural work, limiting opportunities in an evolving economy.

Religious institutions played a crucial role, funding and establishing schools, including historically Black colleges and universities. This video emphasizes the tension between different approaches to education and civil rights, citing figures like Booker T. Washington, who advocated for an accommodationist strategy, and W.E.B. Du Bois, who pushed for immediate civil rights and empowerment.

The discourse on Black education is relevant today, with current issues like race-conscious admissions and book bans reflecting ongoing battles for equity in education. The author points to the significant increases in applications to HBCUs and homeschooling in response to systemic inequities, showcasing how Black communities are actively taking control of their education and demanding better opportunities for their children.

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It's important to remember the context of, the

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American Institution of Slavery.

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During that time, black people in America, in America

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were prohibited, legally

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and socially from even learning how to read and write.

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So, upon the Emancipation Proclamation,

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which culminated at the end of the Civil War,

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the first thing that newly freed black people did

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was number one, race to try to connect with their families.

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Black families have been separated.

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Number two, they established ins black institutions,

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especially churches.

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And number three, they chased

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after education, like it was freedom itself.

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Uh, the drive to acquire

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and attain an education, reading, writing, the ability to,

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decipher maps.

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Uh, those were all seen as tools of liberation,

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during slavery.

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And thereafter, education was something

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that was always a part of the long black freedom struggle.

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But black people weren't the only people

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who had a vested interest,

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who had high stakes in black education.

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Um, as we know, schools are, they set the tone

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for the moral conscious of a nation.

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Schools create citizens, they create subjects.

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America's wealthy elite too had a deep interest

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in black education in controlling what that system would be.

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Um, so they had heavy hands

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and heavy dollars in,

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building out the institutional infrastructure

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of the separate and unequal school system that was emerging

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mainly in the American South.

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Every southern state had a law on the book prohibiting black

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and white children from attending school together.

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So we have a system that is separate,

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but when I say unequal, I'm not just speaking about that

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physical separation.

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Black schools, by

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and large, were, being, forced to,

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pressed upon to offer an adapted curricula.

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Okay? So this, this is directly tied to

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that philanthropic money, for, private

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school institutions to receive funding

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from these northern philanthropies.

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Part of the strings attached to that money was

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that they would offer this particular curricula,

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this adapted industrial education curricula

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that focused on teaching African Americans.

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This is gonna be ridiculous, how to work

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as though Black Americans hadn't been working for free

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for 250 years.

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Now, what did this cur, what did,

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when I say teaching African Americans to work,

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what do I mean by that?

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Um, this industrial education curricula focused on farming

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and domestic service work.

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Does that sound familiar?

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So, and they were, you know, strident with,

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making sure that these were not just institutional

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interventions where there they were funding one or two

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or 10 schools of their choosing.

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No, they were trying to work with, local

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and state governments

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to completely take over the school system to ensure

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that this would wholesale be the type

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of curricula available to black kids.

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While white children were offered a liberal education model

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in an industrializing society, where those, you know,

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those jobs in farming

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and domestic service were not going to set black people up,

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to be able to compete in a changing economy.

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Religious institutions played a huge role, especially in,

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from 1865, the end of the Civil War,

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through the early 19 hundreds in not only

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funding black schools working hand in hand,

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largely alongside the Freedman's Bureau

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during reconstruction, also,

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funding schools independently.

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So you had many denominational K through 12 institutions,

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and also colleges that we know as

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historically black colleges

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and universities today, like Payne Institute in Augusta,

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Georgia, Morehouse College here in Atlanta,

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and many, many others,

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Morris Brown College here in Atlanta,

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religious institutions have always played a huge role in,

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supporting the educational ecosystem.

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But it wasn't just with money.

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Many, northern missionaries, right after the Civil War,

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before the dust even settled, up uprooted themselves

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and moved south, and were teachers in many

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of our first black schools, in the South.

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So they, with their body, their dollars

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and their soul really did, a lot

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to support that ecosystem.

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And they had varying views on

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what black education should be as well.

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So, there was a lot of, again, i I say in this book,

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the Battle for the Black Mind that,

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they say a mind is a terrible thing to waste.

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Well, to some, the black mind was a matter

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of national security,

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and black education was treated as such.

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Wherever you have a, a system of subjugation

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arising against the people

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or a system of oppression, what do people do?

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They organize and they fight back.

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And that is what you see, in the case

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of black Americans, in the us

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but also globally pushing back against these systems

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and creating organizations to,

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amplify and leverage, their own power

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and to move from a place of power.

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So you had, everywhere from students

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on campuses that were, you know,

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offered this industrial education curricula,

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protesting against their own faculty

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and administration at their schools,

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demanding an equal education.

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Sometimes they would even be fighting against black

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educators who were their elders, their leaders,

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but they knew, that they deserved an equitable

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and equal education.

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You also had many, many teachers, black teachers

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who were also school founders.

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And in this book I show you that they were in fact,

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educational entrepreneurs who risked it all by

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resisting taking that money

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with strings attached from these philanthropies,

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and instead insisted on creating autonomous,

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independent black education, systems

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where they created curricula

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that followed their own visions of freedom, dreams.

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And these were some of the many ways

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that black people resisted

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by starting their own institutions,

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by clearly voicing their, discontent

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and outrage with this separate and unequal system.

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Um, they did that legally.

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They voted, by, by using the court system, they voted

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with their feet by leaving these institutions

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that they knew, met them nothing but harm.

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They voiced their opinions in the public media,

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and they held their politicians accountable.

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Even in a case where,

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under the system of Gen Jim Crow, the government abandoned

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this portion of their population.

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They still demanded their rights.

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Black political thought is heterogeneous,

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as is for any group.

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So black people during that time

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who were fighting this fight,

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often had varying freedom dreams.

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So we knew the place that we wanted to get equality

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as American citizens.

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There. Sh it should not matter, my race

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or identity, if I am an American CI citizen,

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I deserve these rights.

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Right? However,

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that was often the only point of agreement.

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There were so many varying ideas about

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what is the right way to get there?

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How do we strategize?

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What are the compromises and

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or sacrifices that black Americans should be making, to

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get to this shared freedom dream of equality.

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Um, some, some viewed, a, an accommodationist strategy,

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which I talk a lot about in the book

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figures like Booker t Washington, one of the most

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during his time, the, the most internationally recognized

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and influential African American of his time.

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Okay? He doubled down on an accommodationist approach

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where he said,

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we should embrace this industrial education model,

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make it work for us by quietly keeping our heads down

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and doing these second class jobs,

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but accumulate wealth quietly while we're doing it,

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and then let our money talk,

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when we're in a position of power.

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But until then, he was very clear.

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He did not think that black people should be

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at the same time fighting for civil rights, fighting

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for enfranchisement.

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Um, instead he embraced fully this,

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this accommodationist approach.

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Others took a scorch earth approach

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and said, I want my freedom right now.

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I want my full rights now.

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Um, this isn't going to be a gradual process,

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and I'm not going to implement a strategy

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that compromises anything.

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So you had, and that, position we would, say

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WEB Du Bois embodies that mindset,

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but there were many varying political ideas

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about, you know, getting to that shared destination

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of freedom and equality in

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between those two kind of pillars.

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In black political thought.

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When writing this book, it was clear to me

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that while I'm covering a historical series of events,

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a historical epoch in American educational history,

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I'm talking about the present.

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We are still battling with these issues today.

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And I'll just, use the legal

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dimension for an example.

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Just last year in 2023, the United States Supreme Court

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forwarded a decision banning race-conscious admissions,

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in colleges and universities.

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Okay? Uh, we know

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that these Supreme Court decisions don't just sit in the

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sphere that they're speaking to.

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They reverberate throughout society.

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And we already see this backlash against anything

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that's labeled DEI.

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Okay? We see

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books being banned in the United States of America that is

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so antithetical to democracy.

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But by and large, what kind of books are being banned?

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Books by black authors, books that cover issues

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around race, sexuality, or gender identification.

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Okay? So, we're in a context where we're seeing

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a battle over education once again,

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in many, many areas.

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I'll name one more. Uh, the ap college board

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that puts out all of our advanced placement, courses in,

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American high schools.

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There's now a controversy over whether the new African

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American studies AP course should receive credit.

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Some school boards are fighting against that about

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high school kids learning from the

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Black American experience.

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That's ridiculous. But we're seeing these battles today.

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And how are, you said racialized groups, so black folks

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and people of color, how are they pushing

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against in so many ways?

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Number one, we have a deep bench,

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a rich reservoir of HBCUs,

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and what we see, especially in response

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to this 2023 Supreme Court case,

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HBCU applications are through the roof.

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So you see black Americans voting with their feet saying

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that, we're going to, reinvest,

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in our own institutions,

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and really select on not only a, a world class education,

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but an education that is culturally affirming

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and safe for, my black child

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or, you know, a a black young adults.

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00:13:44.575 --> 00:13:48.555
You're also seeing a rise in, historic,

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increases in homeschooling amongst African Americans,

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where parents are wisely choosing to pull their kids out

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of the school system that's available

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to them if they do not feel like it's going to

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00:14:02.725 --> 00:14:04.195
serve the needs of their children

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00:14:04.895 --> 00:14:07.795
and offer them an affirming education.

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We are creating models where black families are taking

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that education into their own hands and using their agency.

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These are just two examples of the many, many ways in which

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black folks are yes, continuing to,

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demand that the government cash in its promissory note

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and deliver on that promise of equality

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that has never been made good on.

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But until such time, black people today,

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as we've always done, are not waiting around

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for a cavalry to come.

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We are taking measures into our own hands to ensure that,

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That our children also receive a world class education,

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one that is affirming, one that is safe,

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00:14:57.825 --> 00:15:00.325
and one that is going to prepare them for the society

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that they're going to have to compete in,

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which is very different than where you

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or I, the, the world that, that we've come in, come into

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as adults.

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