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Time to investigate human visual shape perception

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Martin Arguin discusses the contribution of stereopsis in human visual shape perception that was examined using stimuli with either null, normal, or reversed binocular disparity in an old/new object recognition task.

Image courtesy of interviewee. January 10, 2024

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This video video discusses visual processing in psychology, explaining how raw images captured by photoreceptors in the retina are transformed into meaningful representations for interacting with the environment. This video video complex process involves multiple steps where neurons communicate, and it is noted that visual processing takes almost a tenth of a second, leading to a delay in our perception of the visual world compared to real-time events.

The speaker describes a technique called "random temporal sampling," which involves presenting visual stimuli briefly, allowing researchers to analyze how visibility fluctuates over time. This video video method reveals that visual processing is not static but varies significantly within short timeframes, which is crucial for understanding how we perceive visual information.

Research indicates that our visual functions can fluctuate rapidly, impacting our ability to recognize stimuli. The speaker mentions ongoing studies in areas such as visual word recognition, ADHD, and dementia, highlighting the potential of random temporal sampling to diagnose attentional deficits and detect dementia earlier, facilitating timely interventions.

Ultimately, the speaker aims to connect the temporal features obtained from their research to actual brain activity, emphasizing the importance of understanding the neural mechanisms underlying visual processing and cognition.

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X-TIMESTAMP-MAP:LOCAL=00:00:00.000,MPEGTS=900000

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We talk about processing in psychology and perception,

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and, we really define it.

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But, in, in terms of, visual function,

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visual processing is the process by which,

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the raw image that this, registered

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by our photoreceptors is transformed into a

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representation that is useful for our,

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interactions with the world.

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So it tells us, what things are,

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what is the spatial layout of, our environment,

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things like that, which are what we need to, you know,

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properly interact with, our world.

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What is involved in visual processing is actually,

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something that occurs in a sequence of, number of steps

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where, the image that, initially is registered

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by the, the photoreceptors, is, is transmitted,

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to, you know, a next step, a next set

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of neurons and, and so on.

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So that there are, a number of steps like this.

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So, in fact, the, the, the,

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the point in, our nervous system where,

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visual processing occurs is, at the interaction

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between neurons.

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So at the point where they communicate.

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And, in that sense, we, we can, consider, our

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visual system as a

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very complex communication system.

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And at every step of communication between neurons,

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there's this opportunity to make the type

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of knowledge that we have about the world evolve into this,

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more into this complex representation

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of, the identity of things,

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if it's good for us or not.

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Uh, how are, things spatially organized?

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So that's, a lot of work, from, you know, this

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basic knowledge at, at the retina with which is, you know,

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light intensity at a given point, in,

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our visual field.

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And, to be able to perform this sort of magic,

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lots of, communication steps between neurons

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and, you need, this, nerve signal,

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neural signal to, travel,

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from one point to the next.

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And all this takes time.

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And, so, actually, just in terms of,

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the time it takes to communicate, the,

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input from the retina into our cortex,

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just the primary visual cortex,

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it takes a bit less than a 10th of a second.

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Uh, so, that means, actually that, our

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cortex, our knowledge of the visual world is always late

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in comparison to, what is, going on in front of us.

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And, what, what, what, we are doing is actually,

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trying to use this,

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temporal aspect in which, visual processing occurs,

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to, gain knowledge about the visual function.

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And, so, in, in the last few years,

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I've developed this technique, which is,

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random temporal sampling, through which,

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what we are doing is, to present,

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visual stimulus briefly.

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And, that a participant has

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to perform a task on the stimulus in question, say,

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to identify it or say if it's, the meaning or whatever.

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And, during the exposure duration, what we do is

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to have, the visibility of the stimulus,

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vary randomly through time.

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And, by a**l, analyzing, the relation between,

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performances

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and those temporal samples that,

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we're obtaining on every trial, then, we are able to

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derive, some knowledge about,

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how visual processing unfolds through time.

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So, that's, largely, what we're,

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doing these days.

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One basic thing, which is very counterintuitive is, is that,

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our visual function fluctuates through time in a very,

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short timeframe.

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So, for instance,

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the exposure durations we typically use are, of,

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200 milliseconds.

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That's one fifth of a second. That's very fast.

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And, throughout this duration, we, can identify

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points in time where, we're very capable

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of, acquiring, visual information.

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But there are other points in time where,

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you know, we're just hopeless.

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What I think, and, and which is the actual,

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actually the inspiration for random temporal sampling,

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is that,

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the way our nervous system is, doing its job

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of, say, vision

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or whatever else is, through, mechanisms

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where, groups of neurons, temp,

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temporarily linked with each other,

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and, produce, bursts of,

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firing, which are, which oscillate through time,

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for a, a brief period of time.

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So we, you have this, you know, bunch of neurons

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that are at, you know, pro producing, nerve impulses at,

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a given frequency altogether.

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And this lasts for a bit of time.

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And then, you know, another group of neuron,

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takes over and, and,

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and actually you may have, many different groups

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of such neurons, that, are active together.

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And, if, you have this,

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you know,

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temporal oscillations in the basic mechanisms

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that under light vision, then that should mean

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that our visual function oscillates through time as well.

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So that's the, the logic that brought me to,

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temporal sampling.

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And, so far, it, it's, proving to be accurate that,

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we, we find, these, fluctuations of,

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perceptual capacity through time.

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It, it's, it's a very exciting, a very exciting tool

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because, with that, we can,

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actually use this feature of visual processing to,

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investigate other aspects of visual processing, such as,

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you know, the, the nature of the features that,

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we are using for visual recognition,

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whether this is the same when we recognize faces

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or recognize words, you know, there, there are,

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it's like a magic wand, actually.

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There are many ways in which, we can apply, the,

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this, this method.

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And, one, which is very exciting, which,

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we're we, we just sent off, for publication is,

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regarding, visual word recognition, which we know,

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is based,

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in large part on our capacity to

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identify individual letters.

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And, what we, demonstrate through this analysis

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of the temporal features of processing is that,

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we actually have, distinct visual mechanisms

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that, process each individual letter in a word.

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Uh, and, some of them are interested in

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identifying the letter in question,

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but others are interested in linking, this letter

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to other letters in the word.

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So, you have this, these two levels of,

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of the process,

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Uh, examining the, the letters in a word.

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And, actually it's, you know, when you consider it,

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it's very nice to have both

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because, you know, we, we need, we know we need

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to identify the letters, but, we want to do it fast

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and, do it very effectively.

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So having those mechanism of that put letters together,

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is, is a very nice thing to have.

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Also, there's one thing which I would like to mention.

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Uh, you, you talk about, applications with,

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cases of brain damage.

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And, there are studies we're doing,

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that are relevant, one of which is,

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pertains to, A DHD, you know, this attentional deficit

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that people have.

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And, what we find is that, the,

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the temporal features of processing are very different

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in persons with A DHD

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and, persons with normal development.

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And now we're, looking at, future studies where,

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we're interested in, finding out if,

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temporal sampling might be a good way to diagnose,

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A DHD, which, would be highly convenient,

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in, in terms of the, the, the facility of accessing to,

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such a diagnostic tool.

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And, another project we have is,

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one interested in the, early detection of dementias,

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which is a big issue.

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Uh, we want, you know, to be able to, detect,

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the development of dementia, as early

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as we can in persons, not because it's a good news, but

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because we can, do interventions

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to, prevent, further deterioration

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and, you know, structuring the environment.

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And there are, there are many things that can be done

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and, which, perhaps may be very costly,

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but, it's, you know, nothing compared to the cost of

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a person that is really deteriorated

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and, can't, work for themselves.

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So, we we're trying to, well look at,

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many different ways in which, we, we can,

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make this pay, you know, the, the disability

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that we have now to,

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determine the future temporal features of, processing.

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And, it's, it's been so fruitful so far.

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One thing we're doing now is to try to exploit,

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the, the potential of,

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temporal sampling as much as we can.

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Uh, it, it took quite a while to develop.

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And, well, you know,

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if you're taken at doing that kind of thing, well,

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you can do other stuff.

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And, so, well, I, I haven't published as much

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as I would have otherwise, had I not worked on,

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this development.

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So now I, I'm trying to make it pay.

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Uh, and, so we have, you know, various,

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different projects that, we, we are working on,

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to, exploit this.

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Uh, some are interested, as I mentioned, in,

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aging and A DHD, others in, autism.

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Uh, we are looking also at, interocular processing in,

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amblyopia.

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Uh, so, you know, ma many different ways in which, we,

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we can use, the, the method

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and, what is going to be, very next,

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important next step will be, to examine how,

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those features that we, obtain from the technique,

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map onto the actual brain activity.

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Because,

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right now we are not measuring brain activity directly.

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We are measuring, you know,

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what emanates from brain activity.

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And, so what, what, we, are, what,

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what, what I want to look at next is, is go, is going to be,

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how, this relates those temporal features

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that we extract, how they relate to, the,

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the electrical activity of the brain.

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And, so that's going to be,

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very powerful stuff.

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Uh, I expect also.

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