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Dina D’Ayala discusses a multilevel methodology to assess the flood vulnerability and risk of residential buildings in an area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, characterized by traditional timber housing. The multiscale flood vulnerability model is based on a wide range of parameters, covering building-specific parameters, neighbourhood conditions and catchment area conditions.

Image courtesy of interviewee. January 26, 2024

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This video video discusses the increasing risk of flooding in Southeast Asian cities, particularly Malaysia, over the last decade. It highlights that flooding is a result of both environmental factors, such as climate change and extreme weather events, and human activities, like urbanization and deforestation. In Malaysia, floods account for 98% of the country's average annual disaster losses. The study specifically examines Kuala Lumpur, focusing on the effectiveness of the city's flood management strategies, including a significant infrastructure project known as the Storm Water Management and Road Tunnel (SMART).

Despite these efforts, flooding persists, especially in the historic city center due to its vulnerability. The study adopts a comprehensive approach to assess flood resilience by examining the vulnerability of residential buildings, particularly historical ones, and their environmental context. Key factors include building materials, height, drainage systems, and neighborhood characteristics.

The research employs a risk assessment methodology that combines data on building vulnerability with flood mapping to evaluate economic losses. It finds that localized flooding affects a smaller number of buildings and suggests that improvements in drainage could significantly reduce flood impacts. The conclusions emphasize the need for targeted, localized studies to understand flooding dynamics better and integrate natural defenses with traditional engineering solutions for effective flood risk management.

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Many cities and nations in,

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the south in Southeast Asia have have seen in the last,

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10 years, an increase in, flooded,

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risk.

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This is a, as a result, of both increasing flood desert,

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but also, increased exposure of, inhabitants

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to, the flood itself.

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So, the study specific

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to Malaysia have shown, for instance, that, the,

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the rapidly increasing flood event in recent indicates are

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due to, a restrained occupation

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or river by human activity, destruction, destruction

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of forest with increased, industrializations

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and, of agriculture.

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And, also, of course, due

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to extreme weather events closed by, climate change.

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Um, the level is such that statistics now shows that,

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an average of more than 150 floods have occurred

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per year since in the last, 20 years.

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And more than, 90% of these are flash floods.

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Flash floods are the result of intenses, rainfalls

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concentrated in a particular area.

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And where there is not sufficient,

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effective drainage, why choose why choosing to study,

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the, to study Malaysia?

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And why specifically Kuala Lumpur?

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Well, Malaysia, it's a,

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it's a very interesting countries being this respect the

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disaster risk profile, built by the UNDR shows

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that for Malaysia floods account for 98%

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of the average annual losses, in the last,

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30 years.

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Um, and also, the government,

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seems, the, beginning

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of the 25th percent given itself a number

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of regulation

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and programs in order to mitigate, such assets,

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in terms of urban flooding mitigation, for instance,

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and considering what we call structural measures.

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So substantial changes to the, to the, environment

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so that flood will not take place or engineered solutions.

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Uh, the Moscow speakers intervention is the,

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so-called Storm Way Management

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and Road Tunnel, that was, created at the beginning

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of the 21st century for Kuala Lumpur.

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And it was a, a very large scale project aimed at

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alleviating the flooding problem in, the city center

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of Kuala Lumpur

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Caused by the Clan river, as well as

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reducing traffic congestion.

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So they built, a couple of tunnels, which, on every,

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normal day life would be used by,

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automobile traffic, by vehicle traffic.

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Uh, while in, when there is a, a problem with flooding,

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then a part of the water river, can be,

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diverted into the tunnel, which of course becomes close

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to traffic in that occasions.

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And therefore, the water is,

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transferred from the north of the city to the south

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of the city without, minimizing,

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let's say the effect of, flooding,

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in the city center.

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So it's very interesting to then know

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that this notwithstanding flooding still occur.

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And, while the, smart system,

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it's certainly very good in alleviating

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what we call fluvial flooding, flooding,

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that occurs at a much larger scale geographically.

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And that is, and that

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therefore are larger, larger area of ion, usually,

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quite predictable

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because of occurs during the monsoon monsoon, season

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due to long-term, wedding.

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In the case of, the city, the historic city center

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of Kuala Lumpur, it wasn't

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so successful in reducing flooded events.

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The study that we carried out was, part of a

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much larger, interdisciplinary project,

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entitled Disaster Resilient City

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and forecasting local level climate, extreme

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and physical hard in Kuala Lumpur.

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And it was a partnership between the UK

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or I research, institutions

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and the, Malaysian industry government, group

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for i technology or might.

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Um, and so we had,

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a very good interdisciplinary team that looked

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at this from very many different point of view.

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And finally, we sectored on the idea of

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studying both as a maybe mentioned earlier, fluvial flooding

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and fluvial flooding.

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Um, and therefore looking at the, slightly larger scale,

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of the fluvial flooding and,

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and the, more modest scale

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of the fluvial flush floods, which are caused

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by thunderstorms and,

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and characterized by localized rainfall

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of very high intensities

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and can be more, to a certain extent

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immediately related.

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So we considered for both cases,

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what we call annual exceedance probability of zero 1%.

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So one, in hundred years.

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The first approach here was to look at,

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the two different, scale.

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So,

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because we have just said that the, the,

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large scale structural, intervention might not be so

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efficient and effective in, reducing localized flooding.

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So we want in to look in detail at

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what is the, specific vulnerability

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of residential buildings

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and especially, historical residential buildings,

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because are, set closer to the grounds they're made

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of more permeable materials, and

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therefore they're more explore exposed to,

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flood damage.

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Um, and we, wanted to look at both the

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specific vulnerability of each building on its, on,

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level, but also what happens at the level

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of the neighbor or the district, which can actually,

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alleviate or, ask them, his, them, the, the,

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the level of flooding and the level of, immersion

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that these buildings can, experience.

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We first consider, the, detail of,

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this historic building, which are usually made of,

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either a, base level of masonries with a second,

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level of timber structures,

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or they might be on, built on steels,

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because of the fact

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that they traditionally had the monsoon flooding and

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therefore they were prepared and, and,

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and then they would build entirely possibly

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with usually stone steels or timber seals,

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and then, totally, in timber.

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So these are the more traditional houses.

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So in terms of the, parameters

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that we would be looking at would be the maximum number

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of stories of the building, the building footprint,

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because of course, the larger the footprint in proportion,

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the larger the area that can be damaged, ground floor,

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the weather, how they're set up with respect

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to the road, because the highers, they are set up,

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of course, the, the water can, flow into the road,

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but not, getting directly into the building.

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I've already just mentioned the presence of stilt,

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and what is the heights of these tilts,

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because we found that in fact, indeed,

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depending on the architectural, quality

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of the building and the importance of the building,

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the state will be more or less a tool.

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Then we were then looking at some very specific details.

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So for instance, what is the window seal?

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Because of course, that gives you a certain safety

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with respect to water ingress,

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what is the door set up over steps so that also,

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or not, so that also you have a certain margin, of,

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let's say safety with respect to water ingress.

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But also we were looking at a number of, indicator,

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around the building.

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So for instance, the level of drainage in the road in front

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of the building, whether the building had

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or not, yard

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and a garden in front, whether this was paved,

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which would then be, nonabsorbent

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or whether indeed there was good vegetation

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that would help drain and, and, and retain moisture,

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and the different, surface conditions.

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And in, in a few case, whether there were explicit,

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prevention measures such as, you know, gates or,

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or other form of, prevention.

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So each of these parameters are considered,

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in terms of a scale between,

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10 and hundred.

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So whether if the vulnerability is low,

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so the parameter indicates a good be behavior against flood,

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the, then it will be a low number,

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and if it is, highly vulnerable,

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it will be a large number.

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They're all summed up for each building.

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So each individual,

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and then divided by the, the total maximum that you could,

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that one could achieve for the,

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most vulnerable building.

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And then, and this would give them a scale

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of the vulnerability of each individual, house.

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Um, and therefore then one could start thinking in

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very, straightforward terms about the,

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value of, investing in

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that particular, in retrofitting that particular building.

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But indeed, vulnerability doesn't provide the full

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picture of what, happens

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because it's only one side of the, of, of the problem.

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So it is, it's, you can have a vulnerable building,

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but in an area that is not exposed to flooding, and

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therefore it doesn't matter.

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But you can have a very vulnerable building, which is,

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you know, reached by water, in which case it will,

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accrue some large economic loss losses.

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So we would then use, mapping

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and GIS to localize each of the buildings

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that we had studies in the district of, compound bar.

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And then we would, overlap the mapping

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of the flood as we had the,

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or the scenarios that we had produced

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with the one in hundred year return period to the,

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vulnerability of the individual building.

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At this time, at this point, by this overlapping

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and understanding what is the, height, expected height

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of water over the expected, surface, distribution

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of the water flow, we can then define accurately

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what is the risk to each individual, household.

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One of the things that we needed to do,

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first was to, identifying how much the,

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what usually flood damage is quantified in terms

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of economic losses.

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And one of the, problems not just for,

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Malaysia, but for, a large part of the world,

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is that we have relatively, modest information

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on correlation between a particular building type

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or a particular, site,

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and the associated, curves

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that relates the flood depths to the actual damage losses.

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Um, so one first step was to consider all the, all the type

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of these curves that, empirically derived

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that we have in literature

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and derived one that would be, of relevance for,

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Kuala Lumpur.

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And then once we did that, we would

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compute the vulnerability and the risk,

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and then we would add the, costing

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of repairing it,

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and we would be then in a position to define for

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the, different, type of flaws,

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what was the level of risk.

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But also quite importantly at this, at that point,

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we also consider the effect of using the,

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smart, approach.

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So using the weather or the, and

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therefore define the effectiveness of smart,

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of the tunneling in reducing the flood risk

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for this particular area.

243
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So, the type of,

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informa the type of results that we got related to,

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the level of, cumulatives number

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of flooded buildings.

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So we would have a reduction, for instance, of,

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about 25%, when we, when the smart,

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was, used, for the,

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for, the,

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in this case for the Kuala Lumpur, they typically,

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the flash flood was concentrated on a

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relatively smaller number of building,

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which were in a particular area of the,

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of, of compound barrel, which was affected by

256
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much poorer drainage than other areas.

257
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And so this was also a good results

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because then it means

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that this can be relatively easily alleviated with attack,

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with, improving the, the local drainage.

261
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Um, but we also found that, you know,

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losses could be for any of these scenarios, could be up to,

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5 million in, Ronin,

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in, in, in Malaysian, currencies.

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And, over a number of, about,

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40 buildings affected.

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So it's quite a large, let's say figure

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for the individual, which would then reduce to about three

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and a half millions if we are looking at costs in,

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for the, using the smart while again,

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the flash flooding would, would, affect,

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a more modest number of building and

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therefore with a total, lower damage,

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in that, case.

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So these were the, the, let's say, highlight,

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that, we could, identify very often,

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it is essential to do this type of localized studies

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to really understand the effect of flooding, flooding.

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It's a very, local dependent and geography dependent,

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but also local morphology dependent, hazard.

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And therefore, it's extremely important to look at this in

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both from the point of view of the ideological studies

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to def to determine the assets and

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therefore at the larger scale,

285
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but then at a very local scale of the specific

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of the building to really appreciate the level

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of vulnerability and risk.

288
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So that's the first takeaway.

289
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And indeed, we have applied that in other locations, such

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as in the Philippines

291
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and, for both,

292
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buildings and school.

293
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But also we have applied this previously in,

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the UK to study, for instance, the,

295
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vulnerability to flooding of, of historic cities like

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Tewkesbury, Winchester

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or indeed the, historic center of Bristol.

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Um, so that, and,

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and also evaluate again, some, you know,

300
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structural flow of defense, the effectiveness

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of structural flood defense.

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Um, this is on one end, the,

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the other aspects that, needs.

304
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So the, the indicators are quite effective on,

305
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from the point of view of vulnerability to identify

306
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and distinguish the vulnerability, both at the level

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of the building and at the level, let's say, of the,

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building sites and then the neighborhood.

309
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Uh, but very often they need, again,

310
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to be specified locally, so they need,

311
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quite important local knowledge.

312
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Um, and finally, they, they, while of course there are

313
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quite substantial uncertainties on, these type

314
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of studies, unless they are carried out at a very,

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large scale and building by building,

316
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so they are quite costly to do,

317
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levels of, simplification can occur by using,

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go Google Street view or Google, maps

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and so on, which allow you to, to identify some

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of the parameters that we are considering.

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Um, on the other end, this can be generalized now using,

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for instance, some form of, artificial intelligence

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to, look at the, for instance,

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visual recognitions of, particular features in building

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and therefore, mapping it out to a match, a large,

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area.

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But the major, I think takeaway of this is that,

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when investments are considered, you know, in terms

329
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of flood defense, it is very important

330
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to look at the, balance between

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large, engineering interventions

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and more soft localized, defense.

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Uh, what we are now calling nature,

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defense type, that can be indeed,

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successful, without, considering,

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large investments.

Increasing Flood Risks in Southeast Asia

00:00:00 - Many cities and nations in, the south in Southeast Asia have have seen in the last, 10 years, an increase in, flooded, risk. This is a, as a result, of both increasing flood desert, but also, increased exposure of, inhabitants to, the flood itself. So, the study specific to Malaysia have shown, for instance, that, the,
00:00:37 - due to, a restrained occupation or river by human activity, destruction, destruction of forest with increased, industrializations and, of agriculture. And, also, of course, due to extreme weather events closed by, climate change. the level is such that statistics now shows that,
00:01:10 - per year since in the last, 20 years. And more than, 90% of these are flash floods. Flash floods are the result of intenses, rainfalls concentrated in a particular area. And where there is not sufficient, effective drainage, why choose why choosing to study, the, to study Malaysia?
00:01:40 - Well, Malaysia, it's a, it's a very interesting countries being this respect the disaster risk profile, built by the UNDR shows that for Malaysia floods account for 98% of the average annual losses, in the last, 30 years. and also, the government, seems, the, beginning
00:02:12 - of regulation and programs in order to mitigate, such assets, in terms of urban flooding mitigation, for instance, and considering what we call structural measures. So substantial changes to the, to the, environment so that flood will not take place or engineered solutions. the Moscow speakers intervention is the,
00:02:40 - and Road Tunnel, that was, created at the beginning of the 21st century for Kuala Lumpur. And it was a, a very large scale project aimed at alleviating the flooding problem in, the city center of Kuala Lumpur Caused by the Clan river, as well as reducing traffic congestion. So they built, a couple of tunnels, which, on every,

Flood Mitigation Strategies in Kuala Lumpur

00:03:14 - automobile traffic, by vehicle traffic. while in, when there is a, a problem with flooding, then a part of the water river, can be, diverted into the tunnel, which of course becomes close to traffic in that occasions. And therefore, the water is, transferred from the north of the city to the south of the city without, minimizing,
00:03:47 - in the city center. So it's very interesting to then know that this notwithstanding flooding still occur. And, while the, smart system, it's certainly very good in alleviating what we call fluvial flooding, flooding, that occurs at a much larger scale geographically. And that is, and that therefore are larger, larger area of ion, usually,
00:04:17 - because of occurs during the monsoon monsoon, season due to long-term, wedding. In the case of, the city, the historic city center of Kuala Lumpur, it wasn't so successful in reducing flooded events. The study that we carried out was, part of a much larger, interdisciplinary project,
00:04:48 - and forecasting local level climate, extreme and physical hard in Kuala Lumpur. And it was a partnership between the UK or I research, institutions and the, Malaysian industry government, group for i technology or might. and so we had, a very good interdisciplinary team that looked at this from very many different point of view.
00:05:22 - studying both as a maybe mentioned earlier, fluvial flooding and fluvial flooding. and therefore looking at the, slightly larger scale, of the fluvial flooding and, and the, more modest scale of the fluvial flush floods, which are caused by thunderstorms and, and characterized by localized rainfall
00:05:50 - and can be more, to a certain extent immediately related. So we considered for both cases, what we call annual exceedance probability of zero 1%. So one, in hundred years. The first approach here was to look at, the two different, scale. So, because we have just said that the, the, large scale structural, intervention might not be so

Vulnerability of Historical Buildings to Flooding

00:06:28 - So we want in to look in detail at what is the, specific vulnerability of residential buildings and especially, historical residential buildings, because are, set closer to the grounds they're made of more permeable materials, and therefore they're more explore exposed to, flood damage.
00:07:00 - specific vulnerability of each building on its, on, level, but also what happens at the level of the neighbor or the district, which can actually, alleviate or, ask them, his, them, the, the, the level of flooding and the level of, immersion that these buildings can, experience.
00:07:31 - this historic building, which are usually made of, either a, base level of masonries with a second, level of timber structures, or they might be on, built on steels, because of the fact that they traditionally had the monsoon flooding and therefore they were prepared and, and, and then they would build entirely possibly
00:08:00 - and then, totally, in timber. So these are the more traditional houses. So in terms of the, parameters that we would be looking at would be the maximum number of stories of the building, the building footprint, because of course, the larger the footprint in proportion, the larger the area that can be damaged, ground floor, the weather, how they're set up with respect to the road, because the highers, they are set up,
00:08:33 - but not, getting directly into the building. I've already just mentioned the presence of stilt, and what is the heights of these tilts, because we found that in fact, indeed, depending on the architectural, quality of the building and the importance of the building, the state will be more or less a tool. Then we were then looking at some very specific details. So for instance, what is the window seal?
00:09:03 - with respect to water ingress, what is the door set up over steps so that also, or not, so that also you have a certain margin, of, let's say safety with respect to water ingress. But also we were looking at a number of, indicator, around the building. So for instance, the level of drainage in the road in front of the building, whether the building had

Assessing Flood Vulnerability in Urban Areas

00:09:35 - and a garden in front, whether this was paved, which would then be, nonabsorbent or whether indeed there was good vegetation that would help drain and, and, and retain moisture, and the different, surface conditions. And in, in a few case, whether there were explicit, prevention measures such as, you know, gates or, or other form of, prevention.
00:10:10 - in terms of a scale between, 10 and hundred. So whether if the vulnerability is low, so the parameter indicates a good be behavior against flood, the, then it will be a low number, and if it is, highly vulnerable, it will be a large number. They're all summed up for each building. So each individual,
00:10:40 - that one could achieve for the, most vulnerable building. And then, and this would give them a scale of the vulnerability of each individual, house. and therefore then one could start thinking in very, straightforward terms about the, value of, investing in
00:11:11 - But indeed, vulnerability doesn't provide the full picture of what, happens because it's only one side of the, of, of the problem. So it is, it's, you can have a vulnerable building, but in an area that is not exposed to flooding, and therefore it doesn't matter. But you can have a very vulnerable building, which is, you know, reached by water, in which case it will,
00:11:43 - So we would then use, mapping and GIS to localize each of the buildings that we had studies in the district of, compound bar. And then we would, overlap the mapping of the flood as we had the, or the scenarios that we had produced with the one in hundred year return period to the, vulnerability of the individual building.
00:12:15 - and understanding what is the, height, expected height of water over the expected, surface, distribution of the water flow, we can then define accurately what is the risk to each individual, household. One of the things that we needed to do, first was to, identifying how much the,

Assessing Economic Losses from Flood Risks

00:12:45 - of economic losses. And one of the, problems not just for, Malaysia, but for, a large part of the world, is that we have relatively, modest information on correlation between a particular building type or a particular, site, and the associated, curves
00:13:19 - so one first step was to consider all the, all the type of these curves that, empirically derived that we have in literature and derived one that would be, of relevance for, Kuala Lumpur. And then once we did that, we would compute the vulnerability and the risk, and then we would add the, costing
00:13:49 - and we would be then in a position to define for the, different, type of flaws, what was the level of risk. But also quite importantly at this, at that point, we also consider the effect of using the, smart, approach. So using the weather or the, and
00:14:22 - of the tunneling in reducing the flood risk for this particular area. So, the type of, informa the type of results that we got related to, the level of, cumulatives number of flooded buildings. So we would have a reduction, for instance, of,
00:14:53 - was, used, for the, for, the, in this case for the Kuala Lumpur, they typically, the flash flood was concentrated on a relatively smaller number of building, which were in a particular area of the,
00:15:27 - much poorer drainage than other areas. And so this was also a good results because then it means that this can be relatively easily alleviated with attack, with, improving the, the local drainage. but we also found that, you know, losses could be for any of these scenarios, could be up to, 5 million in, Ronin,

Local Studies on Flooding Vulnerability and Risk

00:16:00 - And, over a number of, about, 40 buildings affected. So it's quite a large, let's say figure for the individual, which would then reduce to about three and a half millions if we are looking at costs in, for the, using the smart while again, the flash flooding would, would, affect,
00:16:30 - therefore with a total, lower damage, in that, case. So these were the, the, let's say, highlight, that, we could, identify very often, it is essential to do this type of localized studies to really understand the effect of flooding, flooding. It's a very, local dependent and geography dependent, but also local morphology dependent, hazard.
00:17:06 - both from the point of view of the ideological studies to def to determine the assets and therefore at the larger scale, but then at a very local scale of the specific of the building to really appreciate the level of vulnerability and risk. So that's the first takeaway. And indeed, we have applied that in other locations, such as in the Philippines and, for both,
00:17:36 - But also we have applied this previously in, the UK to study, for instance, the, vulnerability to flooding of, of historic cities like Tewkesbury, Winchester or indeed the, historic center of Bristol. so that, and, and also evaluate again, some, you know, structural flow of defense, the effectiveness
00:18:07 - this is on one end, the, the other aspects that, needs. So the, the indicators are quite effective on, from the point of view of vulnerability to identify and distinguish the vulnerability, both at the level of the building and at the level, let's say, of the, building sites and then the neighborhood.
00:18:37 - to be specified locally, so they need, quite important local knowledge. and finally, they, they, while of course there are quite substantial uncertainties on, these type of studies, unless they are carried out at a very, large scale and building by building, so they are quite costly to do, levels of, simplification can occur by using,

Balancing AI and Nature in Flood Defense

00:19:13 - and so on, which allow you to, to identify some of the parameters that we are considering. on the other end, this can be generalized now using, for instance, some form of, artificial intelligence to, look at the, for instance, visual recognitions of, particular features in building and therefore, mapping it out to a match, a large, area.
00:19:46 - when investments are considered, you know, in terms of flood defense, it is very important to look at the, balance between large, engineering interventions and more soft localized, defense. what we are now calling nature,
00:20:22 - successful, without, considering, large investments.

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