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Image courtesy of interviewee. December 12, 2024

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This video discusses the evolution of feminist scholarship over the last four decades, specifically critiquing the binary notion of gender as strictly male and female. Feminist scholars, including African-American and post-colonial feminists, have broadened the discourse to consider intersections of gender with race, class, and colonial impacts.

The author emphasizes the inadequacy of current frameworks in addressing the relationships between humans and non-humans, particularly in terms of inanimate objects and the environment. The discourse around intersectionality must include these elements to properly understand complex relationships in a global context. The author advocates for a focus on commodities, investigating their historical context and the values assigned to them, arguing that this approach is essential for analyzing neoliberal capitalism and environmental issues.

Through examples, such as the carpet industry, the author illustrates how commodities can help us rethink labor, market dynamics, and environmental impact. They argue that understanding these relationships is crucial in the context of contemporary challenges, including militarism and environmental degradation, positing that engaging with commodities allows for a deeper critique of socio-economic structures and cultural perceptions. Additionally, the author highlights the significance of collaborative artistic practices in addressing these themes, promoting a shift away from traditional notions of individual artistic genius towards a more communal approach to art and object creation.

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Here are five key points from the video:

1. **Critique of Binary Gender Concepts**: The video discusses how feminist scholars have moved beyond a binary understanding of gender (men vs. women) to consider intersectional factors such as race, class, and colonialism, emphasizing that gender relations are complex and influenced by multiple social, political, and cultural convideos.

2. **Expansion of Intersectionality**: The author argues that intersectionality should include not only the relationships between humans but also the connections with the non-human world, particularly the environment and inanimate objects. This perspective challenges traditional views that separate nature from human society and encourages a more integrated approach.

3. **Methodological Approaches**: The author emphasizes the importance of using genealogical and site-specific methodologies in research. By examining commodities rather than starting with human subjects, researchers can better understand the historical convideo and value ascription of objects, as well as their social implications in local and global convideos.

4. **Intersections of Commodities and Societies**: The video highlights how the study of commodities can reveal nuanced understandings of labor dynamics, including formal and informal economies, as well as the global political economy. It emphasizes the significance of understanding how commodities reflect and perpetuate various forms of social relations and inequities.

5. **Environmental and Policy Implications**: The author points out the critical connections between commodity production, environmental issues, and policymaking. By examining the lifecycle of commodities, including their social and ecological impacts, the research aims to address larger questions about sustainability, waste, and the socio-political ramifications of global capitalism, including the importance of preserving and repairing practices in art and society.

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Here are some key quotes distilled from the video:

1. **Questioning Binary Gender Constructs**:
- "Feminist scholars started to question the articulation of gender as only in a binary position between men and women."

2. **Intersectionality of Various Identities**:
- "They argued that these are not relations that we can trace to one component, but they come into articulation, into conversation, from different positions."

3. **Expanding the Concept of Relationality**:
- "What was lacking for me was the relationality between the human and non-human world."

4. **Critiquing Dichotomies**:
- "We needed to question the idea of knowledge as an ecosystem based on the relationship between nature and people."

5. **Methodological Shift**:
- "You need to kind of displace yourself and start with the world of commodities."

6. **Critique of Commodities and Labor**:
- "Commodities conceal relations of labor relations."

7. **Environmental Considerations**:
- "Questions of waste, questions of mass production, overproduction, excess, questions of recycling...would help us to think carefully about what we are dealing with in terms of the environment."

8. **The Importance of Commodities in Understanding Global Issues**:
- "If we had moved with the commodity, we would've understood it a little better."

9. **Recognition of the Informal Economy**:
- "To understand our global political economy, we have to go beyond these binaries to be able to understand what is going on."

10. **Policy Implications**:
- "Policies have a huge impact on the life that are not able to gain a living."

11. **Art and Environmental Consciousness**:
- "I'm looking at 15 different artists from across the world depicting...the destruction of the landscape and so on."

12. **Exploring the Relationship Between Commodities and Gender**:
- "Now I'm focusing on carpet artists...and how gender...is not being addressed or engaged."

These quotes encapsulate the main themes of the video, including the critique of binary gender constructs, the importance of intersectionality, the relationship between human and non-human entities, the significance of commodities in understanding social dynamics, and the intersection of art and environmental consciousness.

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I think, almost four decades ago,

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feminist scholars started to question the,

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kind of the, articulation of gender as only

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in a binary position between men and women.

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And, various feminists actually contributed

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to this debate from African-American feminists who started

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to talk about race issues to post-colonial feminists

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who started to talk about, you know, coloniality

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and the impact of colonialism and gender issues.

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So it, the, this movement started from various, Phil,

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of course, philosophical, trend.

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And, but feminist scholars took it very seriously

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to really examine the articulation of class,

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gender, religion, race.

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And they argued that these are not

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essentialist relationships.

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These are not relations that we can, we can trace them

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to one component,

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but they might, they come into articulation,

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into conversation, from different positions.

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And they're not diff,

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there are different objects involved in that.

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They might be, you know, the environment,

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it might be the relationship, it might be human,

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non-human machine, and so on and so forth.

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So of course, this words like articulation,

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assembly, age, intersectionality,

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they have different genealogy,

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and I won't be able to examine them here.

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But what I was inspired by, first of all, to

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actually to look at articulation of this relationships,

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socially, politically, and culturally.

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However, what was lacking for me was the relationality

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between the human and non-human world.

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And that would include two things.

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One is the world of object, the works of in animate world,

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the world of commodities.

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And the other one was the, the environment.

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You know, I, I thought that our articulation of this

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intersectionality, this complexity of,

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of various relationships did not really include

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the inanimate world as well as the environmental,

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the world we are living in the environmental, world.

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So my contribution was

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to really think carefully about that.

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I started to really focus on is just not only the

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relationship between the human and non-human,

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but also an interrogation of some of the,

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theories, ideas that actually reinforce this kind

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of dichotomy, like the dichotomy of, nature culture

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that we inherited since colonial modernity.

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That nature is separate from the human

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and is in a superior relationship with nature.

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So that dichotomy needed to be questions as well

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as we needed to question the, the idea of,

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knowledge as an ecosystem based on the relationship

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between nature and people.

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So it seemed to me that we needed to criticize

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what is lacking in this kind of theoretical framework

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and actually look at the, at various forms of intersections,

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not only within the context of a specific society,

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but also in a transnational context,

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because we are living in a global transnational context

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and questions of biopolitics, meaning the ways in which

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human beings are being regulated,

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disciplined within a particular society

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is now constantly in relationship with

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what is going on elsewhere.

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Right? It's actually, there is the, juxtaposition

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of the intersection of the global

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and the local, the local

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and national, national and regional.

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And there are various kind of levels of intersections

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that we need to study, especially when we,

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when we study commodities, we study objects that are moving

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around that of course,

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they're being produced not in an essentialist way,

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but historically, in a particular historical context.

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Commodities come into circulation.

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And then, you know,

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in this particular historical context as well as a specific,

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you know, the specificity of which commodity, which objects

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gets to be invested with value and gets to be circulated.

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I think people who have written a lot on,

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capitalism must maybe consumer capitalism,

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did less on the world of commodities, the world

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of commodities, the world of objects that are being invested

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with value and gets to be circulated, traded,

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and so on and so forth.

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And I, I, I thought that this world was extremely important

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and I could understand it.

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And that would be really important for us

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to understand not only bodies in relationship,

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but also bodies in relation to the, in anate in

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relation to the, nature in relation to, in, in

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that relationality, both geopolitically and geopolitically.

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When you study commodities in this kind of,

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and using a perspective, which is relying on articulation,

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assembly and so on.

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So, first, the first move is really

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to start sometimes with the commodity.

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And instead of starting with the human

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and reinforcing a human centric methodology,

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you need to kind of displace yourself

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and start with the world of commodities.

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That is what I, I had to do.

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I had to just really move with the commodity

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and see where commodity is going to take me.

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Also, the other approach, which was very helpful,

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methodologically,

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but not historically, it was the genealogical approach,

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genealogy that we inherited from, fuko

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and other philosophers and genealogical.

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This approach is really important

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because sometimes we take the world of objects for granted

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as if the, this commodities have always been there,

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have always been circulated and so on.

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But what I am interested in when

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and at which particular historical context, this commodities

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start to be invested with value.

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And that is like in the context of modernity.

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My work is more on the co in the context of modernity

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and post modernity.

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So in that sense, it's not pre modern, which has,

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you need different methodological approach.

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So genealogical approach was,

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has been very important with me.

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The other, approach that I use methodologically is

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I let the object, the commodity, take me to

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a specific site.

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And from that site, always I use, I use, the concept

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of extension that the site

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of the object might get extended to other sites.

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So, for example, I started from a, an archive in,

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England, and that archive sent me to another one.

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So I kind of, as a scholar, as a researcher,

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I led the commodity,

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you know, lead me.

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I like the commodity, to guide me through this,

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this the research project.

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And also I think I, in the process, I needed to do

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a lot of things, actually.

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Uh, commodities are quite interesting

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because there are lots of dichotomies

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or binaries that are being put at place since colonial

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modernity and objects, especially commodities

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are able to take us beyond this, spatial

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or binary, for example,

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the whole idea of domestic, non-domestic

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actually objects are able to help us understand

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that the domestic space is as political

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and as related to political economic situation

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as the non-domestic, as the market.

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So in that sense, it's helping you to take you to,

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let's say the ideas of what I call ACO economy.

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They take you beyond both image and matter,

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because there's kind of how image

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and matter intersect with each other, especially since,

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you know, consumer capitalism, image

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and matter, have a close relationship

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with each other, right?

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So in that sense, commodities takes us beyond that, that,

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that dichotomy as well as, you know, they're kind of,

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they're helping us to understand, for example,

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another example is to understand the relationship between

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the informal and the formal.

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Because our political global economies relying

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enormously on informal labor market

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or informal, regulation of labor

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and commodities actually goes, they go beyond

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that dichotomy.

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They go beyond what is, this, this,

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this spaces that are separating,

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formal and informal economy.

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And in, it seems to me that to understand

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our global political economy, we have to understand we have

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to go beyond these binaries to be able to understand

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what is going on and to be able to actually,

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get an understanding of our, our global,

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situation, which is unique because media and images

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and cultural representation are intervening enormously

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in regulating and sustaining

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and, certain economic, you know,

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relationships including, you know, the continuation

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of exploitative labor, the continuation

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of precarity of the market.

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So all those, are being reproduced through that

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as well as the ways in which actually,

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in a very classic way, commodities, conceal,

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relations of labor relations.

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So in that sense, the commodities are taking us,

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from there, because I was very clear,

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I was reading the literature

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and became very critical

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of the ways in which we talk about labor

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without talking about commodities, without talking about

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what gets to be valued at which particular context,

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not only in a global way, in a transnational way, what also

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what gets to be invested with value in a specific locality

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and becomes which commodities,

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which objects become vernacular and mobile

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and they start circulating.

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Right? This is such a great question

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because I'm not somebody who think about policy a lot,

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and that actually helped me to think about

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that more carefully.

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I think one, component

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of this move would be environmental issues that we need

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to pay attention,

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because commodities actually take us to the heart of

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what we are dealing with right now.

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Meaning, questions of waste, questions of

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mass production, overproduction, excess,

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questions of recycling all these things.

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I think a move from commodities would help us

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to think carefully about what we are dealing with in term.

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Um, you know, in terms of environment.

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Also, it's helping us to understand labor conditions

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because, most of the time, for example,

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when I was studying my object, which is Persian carpets,

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I came across lots of writing on,

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and, also images depicting Carter, we carpet weavers

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as this, ultimate victims

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of this exploitative, you know, labor.

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And what actually, frustrated me was that,

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we, we are kind of at the time where, for example,

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in early 20th century

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where the whole industry be, was becoming very toxic

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because we introduced, you know, chemical dyes

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and so on, instead of really talking about that, we

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staged, really, I was, yeah, I would use the concept of,

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spectacle.

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We used the spectacle of this

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passive weaver attack, you know, at the loom,

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this victim of the labor, instead of really paying attention

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to what was going on, the whole industry was getting toxic.

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It had a huge impact on the life of weavers.

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Uh, the, industry was relying enormously on the kind

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of formal, informal.

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So, kind of if we had moved with,

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commodity, we would've understood it a little better, right?

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So that, that was very helpful for me.

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And also I think what is really important in terms

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of commodities, then there are questions of war

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militarism, you know, objects of commodities

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that are now being exchanged in the context

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of war and militarism.

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And I think in terms of policy, that would be a,

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a huge impact on why, you know, we are kind

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of investing in so much in debt producing commodities,

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and that actually would have an impact on us thinking about

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milita in a serious way.

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And its impact not only on human societies,

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but also on our environment,

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because we cannot separate really the destruction

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or what I call eco site,

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meaning killing the environment from killing human beings.

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And I think that has a huge impact on policies

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as well as I think, there are international

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policies put at place, let's say sanctions,

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embargoes and so on, that in my view, doing this kind

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of work have a, a huge impact on the life of the least

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privileged rather than those, those elites

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that have access to all the resources.

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And I think, I think that I would question that as something

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that is actually in terms of policy, in terms

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of global policy, would have a huge impact on the life

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of the elite privilege, the workers that those

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that are not able to, to,

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gain a, a living.

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So in that sense, it's, it has different really various,

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ramification, a huge impact on our ideas of policy

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and how to change the world, in my view, in my own research,

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because, in my book,

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I focused mostly on car, on commodities,

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on carpet as a commodity.

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Uh, however, I didn't really look at

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how artists actually used carpet weaving to,

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bring consciousness to certain issues.

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And then I started to really focus on artists that are using

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carpet weaving

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or carpet art to,

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convey an environmental message.

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And I'm looking at 15 different artists from across the

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world that have created work that is

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depicting like the drawing of the rivers, the destruction

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of the land landscape and so on.

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And I think the kind of that kind of aesthetic approach

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to, objects

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and to commodities, that's been very helpful.

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Like moving with a commodity that is in circulation,

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it's in the market, but then disrupting, it's the logic

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of mass consumption

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and really bringing consciousness to other things.

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And, but because also the production of many

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of these commodities have been, you know,

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different in the past, right?

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But now it has become a mass produced, there being

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all classes where are, are buying these things and so on.

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And for me, for my research,

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carpet became really important

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because I started to observe that carpet

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and oil became two important commodity

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in the con contemporary history in the kind of history

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of 20th century, Iran.

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And then now, now that I'm kind of, I've done work

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with carpet and now I'm focusing on carpet artists,

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I'm moving to understand the exploration

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of oil from a feminist perspective and the rise of,

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or the emergence of, kind of

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what I call petro masculinity, and how gender,

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because there is almost,

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maybe this is a little pretentious to say,

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but there is nothing on the history of all

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and questions of gender.

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So there are lots of writing,

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but, questions of gender are not being,

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being addressed or engaged.

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Nobody has engaged with this, this commodity, which is kind

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of a little different

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because if carpet, the industry is very much,

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the labor is feminized, the oil is the, the reverse

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that kind of is, is a very, it's a masculine,

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labor is very much masculinized.

325
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Yeah, I think the, this is a research which would,

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not, not only my research,

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but generally speaking,

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a focus on commodities would help us to understand our,

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new liberal capitalism much better.

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It helping us to understand the relationship between

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the empire and the nation, the continuation

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of colonialism in a post-colonial era or new colonial era.

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They're helping us to understand the questions of labor

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and, and sometimes we always start sometimes from the labor

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and don't get to commodity and the importance of commodity.

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And, and I think it's also crucial for an understanding

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of environmental issues.

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Uh, really, I think,

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many societies had this ways of preserving,

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repairing and, and of,

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and the corporate industry is a good example

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because the ideas of preserving, repair, repairing,

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is very much something that also artists play a lot with,

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that they create, you know, artwork out of leftover of

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let's say pieces of, you know,

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they really make it possible for people to see how,

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preservation, works.

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How, also collaboration works.

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Like how you procreate a commodity

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and a piece of artwork that is not necessarily

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by one genius artist,

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but it's, it's, created true collaborative work with

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between the artist and the kind of,

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media scholar and so on and so forth.

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So it's just, and also workers.

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So it's just, it's going against the kind

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of our definition of modernist art as a product

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of the genius artist, but a different kind of art

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and art that is collaborative, that is also

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challenging our perceptions of limmer mets.

Challenging Gender Binaries: Feminist Perspectives on Intersectionality

00:00:00 - I think, almost four decades ago, feminist scholars started to question the, kind of the, articulation of gender as only in a binary position between men and women. And, various feminists actually contributed to this debate from African-American feminists who started to talk about race issues to post-colonial feminists

00:00:36 - and the impact of colonialism and gender issues. So it, the, this movement started from various, Phil, of course, philosophical, trend. And, but feminist scholars took it very seriously to really examine the articulation of class, gender, religion, race. And they argued that these are not

00:01:05 - These are not relations that we can, we can trace them to one component, but they might, they come into articulation, into conversation, from different positions. And they're not diff, there are different objects involved in that. They might be, you know, the environment, it might be the relationship, it might be human, non-human machine, and so on and so forth. So of course, this words like articulation,

Exploring Human-Non-Human Relations and Intersectionality

00:01:38 - they have different genealogy, and I won't be able to examine them here. But what I was inspired by, first of all, to actually to look at articulation of this relationships, socially, politically, and culturally. However, what was lacking for me was the relationality between the human and non-human world.

00:02:11 - One is the world of object, the works of in animate world, the world of commodities. And the other one was the, the environment. You know, I, I thought that our articulation of this intersectionality, this complexity of, of various relationships did not really include the inanimate world as well as the environmental,

00:02:42 - So my contribution was to really think carefully about that. I started to really focus on is just not only the relationship between the human and non-human, but also an interrogation of some of the, theories, ideas that actually reinforce this kind of dichotomy, like the dichotomy of, nature culture

Rethinking Human-Nature Dichotomies in a Global Context

00:03:14 - That nature is separate from the human and is in a superior relationship with nature. So that dichotomy needed to be questions as well as we needed to question the, the idea of, knowledge as an ecosystem based on the relationship between nature and people. So it seemed to me that we needed to criticize

00:03:45 - and actually look at the, at various forms of intersections, not only within the context of a specific society, but also in a transnational context, because we are living in a global transnational context and questions of biopolitics, meaning the ways in which human beings are being regulated, disciplined within a particular society

00:04:15 - what is going on elsewhere. Right? It's actually, there is the, juxtaposition of the intersection of the global and the local, the local and national, national and regional. And there are various kind of levels of intersections that we need to study, especially when we, when we study commodities, we study objects that are moving

Historical Contexts of Commodity Value and Circulation

00:04:44 - they're being produced not in an essentialist way, but historically, in a particular historical context. Commodities come into circulation. And then, you know, in this particular historical context as well as a specific, you know, the specificity of which commodity, which objects gets to be invested with value and gets to be circulated.

00:05:18 - capitalism must maybe consumer capitalism, did less on the world of commodities, the world of commodities, the world of objects that are being invested with value and gets to be circulated, traded, and so on and so forth. And I, I, I thought that this world was extremely important and I could understand it.

00:05:48 - to understand not only bodies in relationship, but also bodies in relation to the, in anate in relation to the, nature in relation to, in, in that relationality, both geopolitically and geopolitically. When you study commodities in this kind of, and using a perspective, which is relying on articulation, assembly and so on.

Shifting Focus: From Human-Centric to Commodity-Centric Methodology

00:06:20 - to start sometimes with the commodity. And instead of starting with the human and reinforcing a human centric methodology, you need to kind of displace yourself and start with the world of commodities. That is what I, I had to do. I had to just really move with the commodity and see where commodity is going to take me.

00:06:50 - methodologically, but not historically, it was the genealogical approach, genealogy that we inherited from, fuko and other philosophers and genealogical. This approach is really important because sometimes we take the world of objects for granted as if the, this commodities have always been there, have always been circulated and so on. But what I am interested in when

00:07:24 - start to be invested with value. And that is like in the context of modernity. My work is more on the co in the context of modernity and post modernity. So in that sense, it's not pre modern, which has, you need different methodological approach. So genealogical approach was, has been very important with me. The other, approach that I use methodologically is

Exploring Sites of Commodity Research

00:07:56 - a specific site. And from that site, always I use, I use, the concept of extension that the site of the object might get extended to other sites. So, for example, I started from a, an archive in, England, and that archive sent me to another one. So I kind of, as a scholar, as a researcher,

00:08:28 - you know, lead me. I like the commodity, to guide me through this, this the research project. And also I think I, in the process, I needed to do a lot of things, actually. commodities are quite interesting because there are lots of dichotomies or binaries that are being put at place since colonial

00:08:59 - are able to take us beyond this, spatial or binary, for example, the whole idea of domestic, non-domestic actually objects are able to help us understand that the domestic space is as political and as related to political economic situation as the non-domestic, as the market.

Exploring the Intersections of Image, Matter, and Economy

00:09:31 - let's say the ideas of what I call ACO economy. They take you beyond both image and matter, because there's kind of how image and matter intersect with each other, especially since, you know, consumer capitalism, image and matter, have a close relationship with each other, right? So in that sense, commodities takes us beyond that, that,

00:10:04 - they're helping us to understand, for example, another example is to understand the relationship between the informal and the formal. Because our political global economies relying enormously on informal labor market or informal, regulation of labor and commodities actually goes, they go beyond that dichotomy.

00:10:35 - this spaces that are separating, formal and informal economy. And in, it seems to me that to understand our global political economy, we have to understand we have to go beyond these binaries to be able to understand what is going on and to be able to actually, get an understanding of our, our global,

Intersections of Commodities and Labor in Economic Relationships

00:11:06 - and cultural representation are intervening enormously in regulating and sustaining and, certain economic, you know, relationships including, you know, the continuation of exploitative labor, the continuation of precarity of the market. So all those, are being reproduced through that

00:11:36 - in a very classic way, commodities, conceal, relations of labor relations. So in that sense, the commodities are taking us, from there, because I was very clear, I was reading the literature and became very critical of the ways in which we talk about labor without talking about commodities, without talking about what gets to be valued at which particular context,

00:12:09 - what gets to be invested with value in a specific locality and becomes which commodities, which objects become vernacular and mobile and they start circulating. Right? This is such a great question because I'm not somebody who think about policy a lot, and that actually helped me to think about that more carefully. I think one, component of this move would be environmental issues that we need

Exploring Commodities: Environmental Impact and Labor Spectacles

00:12:40 - because commodities actually take us to the heart of what we are dealing with right now. Meaning, questions of waste, questions of mass production, overproduction, excess, questions of recycling all these things. I think a move from commodities would help us to think carefully about what we are dealing with in term. you know, in terms of environment.

00:13:14 - because, most of the time, for example, when I was studying my object, which is Persian carpets, I came across lots of writing on, and, also images depicting Carter, we carpet weavers as this, ultimate victims of this exploitative, you know, labor. And what actually, frustrated me was that,

00:13:47 - in early 20th century where the whole industry be, was becoming very toxic because we introduced, you know, chemical dyes and so on, instead of really talking about that, we staged, really, I was, yeah, I would use the concept of, spectacle. We used the spectacle of this

Commodities, Labor, and Environmental Impact

00:14:17 - this victim of the labor, instead of really paying attention to what was going on, the whole industry was getting toxic. It had a huge impact on the life of weavers. the, industry was relying enormously on the kind of formal, informal. So, kind of if we had moved with, commodity, we would've understood it a little better, right?

00:14:48 - And also I think what is really important in terms of commodities, then there are questions of war militarism, you know, objects of commodities that are now being exchanged in the context of war and militarism. And I think in terms of policy, that would be a, a huge impact on why, you know, we are kind of investing in so much in debt producing commodities,

00:15:23 - milita in a serious way. And its impact not only on human societies, but also on our environment, because we cannot separate really the destruction or what I call eco site, meaning killing the environment from killing human beings. And I think that has a huge impact on policies as well as I think, there are international

Impacts of Policy on the Underprivileged and the Role of Art in Environmental Awareness

00:15:54 - embargoes and so on, that in my view, doing this kind of work have a, a huge impact on the life of the least privileged rather than those, those elites that have access to all the resources. And I think, I think that I would question that as something that is actually in terms of policy, in terms of global policy, would have a huge impact on the life

00:16:24 - that are not able to, to, gain a, a living. So in that sense, it's, it has different really various, ramification, a huge impact on our ideas of policy and how to change the world, in my view, in my own research, because, in my book, I focused mostly on car, on commodities,

00:16:55 - however, I didn't really look at how artists actually used carpet weaving to, bring consciousness to certain issues. And then I started to really focus on artists that are using carpet weaving or carpet art to, convey an environmental message. And I'm looking at 15 different artists from across the

Exploring Commodity Aesthetics and Gender in Contemporary Iran

00:17:28 - depicting like the drawing of the rivers, the destruction of the land landscape and so on. And I think the kind of that kind of aesthetic approach to, objects and to commodities, that's been very helpful. Like moving with a commodity that is in circulation, it's in the market, but then disrupting, it's the logic of mass consumption and really bringing consciousness to other things.

00:18:00 - of these commodities have been, you know, different in the past, right? But now it has become a mass produced, there being all classes where are, are buying these things and so on. And for me, for my research, carpet became really important because I started to observe that carpet and oil became two important commodity

00:18:31 - of 20th century, Iran. And then now, now that I'm kind of, I've done work with carpet and now I'm focusing on carpet artists, I'm moving to understand the exploration of oil from a feminist perspective and the rise of, or the emergence of, kind of what I call petro masculinity, and how gender, because there is almost,

Gender Dynamics in Commodity Production

00:19:02 - but there is nothing on the history of all and questions of gender. So there are lots of writing, but, questions of gender are not being, being addressed or engaged. Nobody has engaged with this, this commodity, which is kind of a little different because if carpet, the industry is very much, the labor is feminized, the oil is the, the reverse

00:19:35 - labor is very much masculinized. Yeah, I think the, this is a research which would, not, not only my research, but generally speaking, a focus on commodities would help us to understand our, new liberal capitalism much better. It helping us to understand the relationship between the empire and the nation, the continuation of colonialism in a post-colonial era or new colonial era.

00:20:10 - and, and sometimes we always start sometimes from the labor and don't get to commodity and the importance of commodity. And, and I think it's also crucial for an understanding of environmental issues. really, I think, many societies had this ways of preserving, repairing and, and of,

Collaborative Art: Redefining Preservation and Repair

00:20:37 - because the ideas of preserving, repair, repairing, is very much something that also artists play a lot with, that they create, you know, artwork out of leftover of let's say pieces of, you know, they really make it possible for people to see how, preservation, works. How, also collaboration works.

00:21:09 - and a piece of artwork that is not necessarily by one genius artist, but it's, it's, created true collaborative work with between the artist and the kind of, media scholar and so on and so forth. So it's just, and also workers. So it's just, it's going against the kind of our definition of modernist art as a product

00:21:45 - and art that is collaborative, that is also challenging our perceptions of limmer mets.

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