Popular in Professional

Leading Figures

Induction of Social Contagion

Yale University Nicholas A. Christakis

Architecture

Connecting Cities and Nature

University of Virginia Timothy Beatley

Human Rights Law

Human Rights and Corruption: Problems and Potential of Individualising a Systemic Problem

Max Planck Institute Anne Peters

Finance

Chinese Exchange Rate Policy: Lessons for Global Investors

University of California San Diego Michael Melvin

Law

A statistical approach to law school citation rankings

University of Virginia Joshua Fischman

Education

Firm Performance Pay as Insurance against Promotion Risk

Stockholm School of Economics Alvin Chen

Generating Workspace...

Export as PDF

This video discusses the experiences and challenges faced by residents of favelas in Brazil, particularly women of color with children participating in a business training program associated with a social distress program called Bolsa Família. This video nine-month program includes a focus on psychological empowerment and technical skills training, aimed at helping participants access the job market or start their own businesses.

The program begins with a month dedicated to addressing social and emotional issues, acknowledging the historical marginalization and abuse faced by these women. The subsequent months focus on business skills, covering various technical areas, followed by coaching for entering the job market or managing small enterprises.

Research conducted on this program aims to assess its effectiveness in helping participants improve their incomes and job prospects while measuring social and psychological impacts, including feelings of optimism and stigmatization associated with their background. The findings indicated that while participants experienced increased income and optimism, they also felt more stigmatized as they navigated job searching and entrepreneurship.

This video highlights the complexities of social mobility, where economic progress can ironically lead to greater social stigma. The author emphasizes the need for additional support for these individuals, especially in coping with discrimination as they attempt to leave their communities for job opportunities.

The program has since been scaled up to reach more families, and discussions surrounding potential governmental support for entrepreneurial ventures in favelas have arisen. The author also mentions ongoing studies focusing on public policy and health disparities affecting marginalized communities in Brazil, reflecting a commitment to addressing inequality.

Language:

Export as PDF

Export as PDF
Here are five key points from the video:

1. **Focus on Favelas and Economic Empowerment**: The video discusses the favelas in Brazil as marginalized communities lacking proper public services and facing poverty. A business training program developed by an NGO targets women of color in these communities, aiming to improve their skills and help them enter the labor market or start their own businesses.

2. **Training Program Structure**: The nine-month training program includes a focus on social-emotional issues in its first month, followed by technical skills training in various fields. The latter part of the program provides coaching for job interviews and entrepreneurship, emphasizing practical skills for economic advancement while addressing the unique needs of the participants.

3. **Outcomes of the Program**: The program demonstrated positive outcomes, showing that participants gained employment and increased their income. However, despite these advancements, participants experienced heightened feelings of stigma associated with their background in the favelas, highlighting the complex social dynamics at play.

4. **Stigmatization and Its Challenges**: As participants attempted to integrate into broader economic circles, they often faced discrimination based on their favela origins. This emotional struggle and increased stigmatization contrasted with their newfound economic achievements, showcasing the societal barriers they still encounter despite advancements.

5. **Policy Implications and Recommendations**: The study suggests potential policy changes, such as creating subsidized credit lines for entrepreneurs from favelas, and underscores the need for programs to address both economic and emotional challenges faced by marginalized individuals. It advocates for institutional support to help these individuals navigate the social stigmas they encounter as they seek economic progress.

Export as PDF
Here are some key quotes and ideas from the video related to the experiences of women in favelas, the NGO program, and the issues of stigma and inequality:

1. **On the Nature of Favelas**:
- "The favelas are those human slums in Brazil... neighborhoods that do not have proper attendance for public service, do not have many businesses inside, and usually people are in poverty conditions."

2. **Focus of the NGO's Program**:
- "The Business training program focused mostly on women of color with kids that live in the favelas and are recipients of... distress programs."

3. **Program Structure**:
- "The training consists of a nine-month program. The first month is dedicated to social psychological issues... this population has been historically marginalized."

4. **Mindset Change**:
- "The training aims to provide them with a different mindset, the mindset that it's possible to change. It's possible to develop your skills, it's possible to get a job, to develop your enterprises and enter the labor market."

5. **Skills Development**:
- "The second part of the program is really the technical skills part... they can choose whatever area they want to specialize in."

6. **Outcome Measurements**:
- "We measure... if they felt more optimistic of the training, they felt more self-effective if they were confident in their capabilities."

7. **Impact on Stigma**:
- "They experience and feel more stigmatized precisely because they are from the favelas."

8. **Economic Progress vs. Stigmatization**:
- "You progress economically, but the more you progress, the more income you make, the more you climb the social ladder, the more you experience the stigma."

9. **Challenges Faced**:
- "...when the potential employers figure out that they actually reside in the favelas, they are discontinued or they receive a bunch of nos."

10. **Program Scaling and Support**:
- "The program has scaled up. It became public policy in the state of Sao Paulo... reaching more than 10,000 single-parent families led by women."

11. **Financial Assistance Recommendations**:
- "We could also think about governmental policies that have specific lines of credit for those entrepreneurs."

12. **Unintended Consequences of Programs**:
- "The intended consequences... are often focused on increasing likelihood of people to get jobs, but... they overlook all other aspects."

13. **Broader Implications of Stigmatization**:
- "...if you think about first-generation students that get education... or immigrants that move to another country and are stigmatized because of their place of origin."

14. **Inequality in Early Life**:
- "Inequality precedes birth... mothers from the favelas have less prenatal visits... babies usually are with lower weights and scores for vitality."

These quotes capture the essence of the video: the challenges and resilience of women in favelas, the efforts of the NGO program to empower them, the duality of economic success and increased stigmatization, and the ongoing issues of inequality and access to opportunities.

X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:90000

1
00:00:00.065 --> 00:00:01.285
The favelas are those

2
00:00:01.295 --> 00:00:02.925
Human slums in Brazil, right?

3
00:00:02.925 --> 00:00:05.085
Like, and of course I studied in Brazilian context,

4
00:00:05.225 --> 00:00:07.085
but we see the same type of communities

5
00:00:07.085 --> 00:00:09.165
All over the world, both in the global south

6
00:00:09.185 --> 00:00:10.285
or global north, right?

7
00:00:10.285 --> 00:00:11.765
So the UN franchise neighborhoods

8
00:00:11.795 --> 00:00:14.565
That do not Have, proper attendance

9
00:00:14.745 --> 00:00:16.245
for public service, do

10
00:00:16.245 --> 00:00:18.765
Not have many businesses inside, and usually people are

11
00:00:18.765 --> 00:00:19.765
In Poverty Conditions.

12
00:00:19.765 --> 00:00:20.965
So the

13
00:00:21.165 --> 00:00:24.365
Business training that I analyze in this paper is A NGO

14
00:00:24.395 --> 00:00:28.325
That tried to build upon a social distress

15
00:00:28.325 --> 00:00:30.605
Program in Brazil called BOA Familia

16
00:00:30.675 --> 00:00:33.045
That provide cash transfers to populations

17
00:00:33.045 --> 00:00:35.325
Living Below the poverty line. The

18
00:00:35.485 --> 00:00:39.165
Business training program focused mostly on women of color

19
00:00:39.235 --> 00:00:41.925
with kids that live in the favelas and are recipients

20
00:00:41.925 --> 00:00:44.005
Of this, distress programs, right?

21
00:00:44.105 --> 00:00:45.525
So the training

22
00:00:45.725 --> 00:00:48.285
Consists on a nine month Program. The first

23
00:00:48.335 --> 00:00:51.525
Month is dedicated to Social psychological issues

24
00:00:51.525 --> 00:00:52.725
Of social emotional issues.

25
00:00:52.725 --> 00:00:54.645
So keep in mind, this population has been

26
00:00:54.965 --> 00:00:56.085
historically marginalized.

27
00:00:56.515 --> 00:00:58.085
Many of these women have suffered

28
00:00:58.565 --> 00:00:59.565
Domestic Abuse.

29
00:00:59.625 --> 00:01:01.205
So they are in a very vulnerable

30
00:01:01.205 --> 00:01:03.285
Psychological situation, right? So the

31
00:01:03.485 --> 00:01:06.765
Training in this first month aims to provide them with,

32
00:01:07.075 --> 00:01:09.045
with a different mindset, the mindset that

33
00:01:09.275 --> 00:01:10.275
It's possible to change. It's

34
00:01:10.275 --> 00:01:12.765
possible to develop your skills, it's possible

35
00:01:12.765 --> 00:01:14.045
to get a job, to

36
00:01:14.045 --> 00:01:16.805
Develop your enterprises and enter the labor

37
00:01:16.805 --> 00:01:19.245
Market, either As employees or

38
00:01:19.305 --> 00:01:20.305
As entrepreneurs.

39
00:01:20.985 --> 00:01:22.325
The second part of the program

40
00:01:22.705 --> 00:01:23.705
Is The Really the

41
00:01:23.705 --> 00:01:25.765
technical Skills part, right? So

42
00:01:26.205 --> 00:01:28.045
Participants can choose Whatever

43
00:01:28.075 --> 00:01:29.525
Area they wanna specialize in,

44
00:01:29.525 --> 00:01:33.325
and it does ranges from astronomy to mechanics to

45
00:01:33.725 --> 00:01:36.085
Electricity, any area that actually they

46
00:01:36.085 --> 00:01:39.165
Have more than 15 areas that people can ex specialize,

47
00:01:39.505 --> 00:01:41.285
and they receive eight month training

48
00:01:41.285 --> 00:01:42.285
Program. The

49
00:01:42.285 --> 00:01:43.365
final part of it

50
00:01:43.365 --> 00:01:44.605
That is very interesting is

51
00:01:44.605 --> 00:01:46.765
that they receive some coaching if they

52
00:01:46.765 --> 00:01:47.925
wanna become employees,

53
00:01:48.345 --> 00:01:51.965
How to, how to behave or what are good practices,

54
00:01:51.985 --> 00:01:53.885
For instance, if you're going in a job interview,

55
00:01:53.945 --> 00:01:55.205
How to craft your cv.

56
00:01:55.225 --> 00:01:59.805
So it's appealing or how to manage simple, simple techniques

57
00:01:59.905 --> 00:02:01.805
for, for small enterprises, right?

58
00:02:01.945 --> 00:02:03.845
PLA cash flow, how to separate

59
00:02:04.065 --> 00:02:05.125
The finances for your

60
00:02:05.125 --> 00:02:08.125
Enterprise from your personal finances and so, so forth.

61
00:02:08.225 --> 00:02:09.645
So this is actually like

62
00:02:09.645 --> 00:02:11.965
The nine month program That was target

63
00:02:12.305 --> 00:02:14.725
And designed actually for this community with,

64
00:02:14.995 --> 00:02:17.725
With special like, special types

65
00:02:17.745 --> 00:02:19.725
Of training and communication and,

66
00:02:19.785 --> 00:02:21.165
and relations that helps

67
00:02:21.165 --> 00:02:23.485
Them to advance their career, that

68
00:02:23.485 --> 00:02:25.365
Advance their skills, Both psychologically

69
00:02:25.365 --> 00:02:28.525
but also more technically. So, objective of

70
00:02:28.525 --> 00:02:30.805
The study was We built up this partnership

71
00:02:30.805 --> 00:02:33.405
With the NGO, and they were very interested in

72
00:02:33.405 --> 00:02:34.565
know, okay, this public

73
00:02:34.925 --> 00:02:37.645
Distress program, Bolsa familia is huge successful.

74
00:02:37.645 --> 00:02:40.005
There are many impact evaluations showing

75
00:02:40.005 --> 00:02:41.925
that it lifted more than 20 million

76
00:02:42.105 --> 00:02:44.205
People out of poverty line, right? So,

77
00:02:44.625 --> 00:02:46.965
But then there is this next step that

78
00:02:46.965 --> 00:02:47.965
Is lagging, right? That

79
00:02:47.965 --> 00:02:49.685
says, okay, those people are out of

80
00:02:49.965 --> 00:02:51.565
Property, they can have more consumption,

81
00:02:51.835 --> 00:02:53.205
they improve the quality of life,

82
00:02:53.665 --> 00:02:55.165
But how About training them?

83
00:02:55.345 --> 00:02:57.205
How about improving their skills

84
00:02:57.225 --> 00:02:58.965
so they can access the labor market?

85
00:02:59.145 --> 00:03:02.845
So this program was customized to, to the favelas,

86
00:03:02.845 --> 00:03:04.205
to Rio regenerative favelas

87
00:03:04.505 --> 00:03:07.525
and aim to help with this next step, right?

88
00:03:07.545 --> 00:03:10.325
So that they can get jobs, can launch enterprises

89
00:03:10.325 --> 00:03:12.365
and potentially move out of the,

90
00:03:12.425 --> 00:03:13.685
the social distress program.

91
00:03:14.345 --> 00:03:15.765
Uh, and, and, and,

92
00:03:15.865 --> 00:03:18.245
and of course it was customized to this public,

93
00:03:18.425 --> 00:03:22.085
but the main objective was to test if this had an impact

94
00:03:22.425 --> 00:03:24.125
and then scale up both in Rio

95
00:03:24.145 --> 00:03:25.765
and also in other cities in Brazil

96
00:03:25.785 --> 00:03:27.605
and potentially in other places of the world.

97
00:03:27.665 --> 00:03:31.685
So it was really an attempt to test their methodology, see,

98
00:03:32.225 --> 00:03:35.645
to see if it has an impact differently from more traditional

99
00:03:36.075 --> 00:03:37.605
development economics paper.

100
00:03:37.755 --> 00:03:40.765
What we aim to do was a more holistic assessment

101
00:03:41.145 --> 00:03:42.365
of the impact of the program.

102
00:03:42.505 --> 00:03:45.645
So we had outcomes that were related to economic outcomes,

103
00:03:45.745 --> 00:03:47.765
so what type of jobs they got,

104
00:03:48.025 --> 00:03:49.805
how much income they made and so on.

105
00:03:50.105 --> 00:03:52.525
But we also had social psychological outcomes.

106
00:03:52.545 --> 00:03:55.925
So we measure if they felt more optimistic of the training,

107
00:03:56.355 --> 00:03:59.885
they felt more self effective if they were confident on

108
00:03:59.885 --> 00:04:01.845
their capabilities, and we measure

109
00:04:02.305 --> 00:04:04.525
how were their experiencing social

110
00:04:04.625 --> 00:04:05.965
stigma of different forms.

111
00:04:06.385 --> 00:04:09.445
So we measure social exte stigma of race, of income,

112
00:04:09.505 --> 00:04:12.005
of gender, and of place of resident.

113
00:04:12.065 --> 00:04:14.965
So in other words, if they are feeling more stigmatized

114
00:04:14.965 --> 00:04:16.565
because they are from the favelas.

115
00:04:17.145 --> 00:04:20.045
So after the experiment, what we found is that yes,

116
00:04:20.045 --> 00:04:21.885
people enter more the labor market,

117
00:04:21.895 --> 00:04:23.405
especially as entrepreneurs.

118
00:04:24.025 --> 00:04:25.485
Yes, they gain more income.

119
00:04:25.585 --> 00:04:28.085
So they have significantly higher levels of income.

120
00:04:28.195 --> 00:04:31.045
They also are more optimistic, more self-confident,

121
00:04:31.825 --> 00:04:35.605
but this comes at an expense that is, they experience

122
00:04:35.605 --> 00:04:37.885
and feel more stigmatized precisely

123
00:04:37.885 --> 00:04:39.565
because they are from the favelas.

124
00:04:39.785 --> 00:04:41.765
So this was a little bit of a puzzle for us

125
00:04:41.765 --> 00:04:43.405
because we thought, well, what is going on?

126
00:04:43.405 --> 00:04:44.845
Right? They are increasing their income,

127
00:04:44.845 --> 00:04:47.725
they are progressing economically, in comparison

128
00:04:47.725 --> 00:04:49.325
to the control group, but at the same time,

129
00:04:49.325 --> 00:04:53.645
they are suffering this emotional backlash of feeling more

130
00:04:53.705 --> 00:04:55.925
and experience more the stigmatization process.

131
00:04:56.225 --> 00:04:59.205
We started exploring actually what was behind it, right?

132
00:04:59.205 --> 00:05:00.965
Because I mean, we knew the program

133
00:05:01.145 --> 00:05:04.285
and we analyzed, we didn't, several tests

134
00:05:04.345 --> 00:05:06.005
to see if it was something in the program

135
00:05:06.075 --> 00:05:08.645
that was causing the stigmatization process.

136
00:05:09.305 --> 00:05:12.205
And then through interviews, field visits, what came

137
00:05:12.225 --> 00:05:14.965
to light is that those populations now that,

138
00:05:15.365 --> 00:05:17.325
I mean they were historically marginalized,

139
00:05:17.395 --> 00:05:20.285
then they got more training, they are feeling more capable,

140
00:05:20.825 --> 00:05:22.565
and they start venturing out

141
00:05:22.565 --> 00:05:23.925
of the favelas looking for jobs.

142
00:05:24.545 --> 00:05:27.365
And many times they go through interview processes.

143
00:05:27.505 --> 00:05:30.525
And when the potential employers figure out

144
00:05:30.525 --> 00:05:32.645
that they actually, residents in the favelas,

145
00:05:32.645 --> 00:05:35.725
they are discontinued or they receive a bunch of nos, right?

146
00:05:36.425 --> 00:05:39.605
And then they end up going to entrepreneurship as a plan B,

147
00:05:39.605 --> 00:05:40.645
they develop their business.

148
00:05:40.645 --> 00:05:43.125
And then when they go after for suppliers in order

149
00:05:43.125 --> 00:05:45.365
to get goods for their small, small stores,

150
00:05:45.955 --> 00:05:47.325
they also receive nos

151
00:05:47.325 --> 00:05:49.645
because people don't wanna distribute the product store.

152
00:05:49.645 --> 00:05:51.445
People don't rely that they will pay.

153
00:05:52.105 --> 00:05:54.845
So many of them describe to us that,

154
00:05:55.275 --> 00:05:57.925
when they start venturing out of, of the favela, they,

155
00:05:58.115 --> 00:06:00.645
they feel like getting out of the ghetto, right?

156
00:06:00.705 --> 00:06:03.165
So they have this feeling that people from

157
00:06:03.195 --> 00:06:07.045
outside mistrust them, classify them as potential criminals

158
00:06:07.065 --> 00:06:09.565
or potentially related to criminal activity.

159
00:06:09.945 --> 00:06:12.085
So they don't wanna either hire them or any,

160
00:06:12.265 --> 00:06:13.485
or do business with them.

161
00:06:13.825 --> 00:06:17.965
So it's really like this, this, dual logic, right?

162
00:06:18.025 --> 00:06:19.325
You progress economically,

163
00:06:19.325 --> 00:06:21.485
but the more you progress, the more income you make,

164
00:06:21.505 --> 00:06:23.445
the more you climb the social ladder,

165
00:06:24.025 --> 00:06:26.085
the more you experience the stigma

166
00:06:26.115 --> 00:06:27.885
because you are dealing with peers

167
00:06:28.025 --> 00:06:29.805
of arguably higher status, right?

168
00:06:29.805 --> 00:06:32.565
That see you as a potential dangerous person, right?

169
00:06:32.565 --> 00:06:34.765
Must say, this conversation pleases me a lot

170
00:06:34.765 --> 00:06:37.365
because this was a lot of the conversations that we had

171
00:06:37.365 --> 00:06:40.965
with both the NGO and also the Rio Municipality, right?

172
00:06:41.065 --> 00:06:43.125
So is that what can we do about it, right?

173
00:06:43.145 --> 00:06:46.405
Uh, we cannot change societal mindset about it.

174
00:06:46.405 --> 00:06:49.245
Ideally we should, but, but it's difficult, right?

175
00:06:49.425 --> 00:06:51.245
So what can we do to remediate?

176
00:06:51.865 --> 00:06:54.805
Uh, so some of those issues we discussed with DNO

177
00:06:54.805 --> 00:06:56.645
that we should incorporate in the program,

178
00:06:56.825 --> 00:06:58.765
so also prepare them better

179
00:06:58.905 --> 00:07:02.485
for when they start venturing out of the favelas to not,

180
00:07:02.625 --> 00:07:05.085
should not feel that punch that much, right?

181
00:07:05.105 --> 00:07:07.525
Of course, it's difficult, and, and,

182
00:07:07.545 --> 00:07:10.805
and is inevitable that they will face the stigmatization

183
00:07:10.805 --> 00:07:14.445
process, but at least aim to prepare them that look,

184
00:07:14.635 --> 00:07:17.965
once you get more trained, also be prepared that people

185
00:07:18.105 --> 00:07:20.045
who are prejudicial potentially

186
00:07:20.045 --> 00:07:22.045
because they think you might be associated

187
00:07:22.045 --> 00:07:23.645
with the gangs and so on and so forth.

188
00:07:24.265 --> 00:07:26.405
The second part that also is very interesting,

189
00:07:26.405 --> 00:07:27.605
the program has scaled up.

190
00:07:27.605 --> 00:07:29.645
It became public policy in the state

191
00:07:29.645 --> 00:07:31.605
of Sao Paulo, as well.

192
00:07:31.715 --> 00:07:33.845
What is what was great is that,

193
00:07:34.235 --> 00:07:36.845
it's reaching more than 10,000 single parent

194
00:07:37.405 --> 00:07:38.645
families led by women.

195
00:07:38.755 --> 00:07:40.845
What we have been discussing more recently is

196
00:07:40.845 --> 00:07:44.045
that we could also think about governmental policies

197
00:07:44.045 --> 00:07:46.045
that have specific lines of credits

198
00:07:46.045 --> 00:07:47.525
for those entrepreneurs, right?

199
00:07:47.545 --> 00:07:49.685
So if you are a resident in the favela

200
00:07:49.685 --> 00:07:51.125
and you wanna build the market there,

201
00:07:51.865 --> 00:07:54.205
why can't you think about having a credit line

202
00:07:54.235 --> 00:07:57.165
that has some sort of subsidized from the government

203
00:07:57.165 --> 00:08:00.325
that you have a lower, lower interest that you have

204
00:08:00.325 --> 00:08:02.645
to pay and then you boost market activity

205
00:08:02.645 --> 00:08:03.925
within this communities, right?

206
00:08:03.925 --> 00:08:07.685
So those entrepreneurs, those women, they are the ones

207
00:08:07.685 --> 00:08:08.805
that know their reality.

208
00:08:08.915 --> 00:08:10.845
They are the really the agents

209
00:08:10.905 --> 00:08:12.885
of change in those locations, right?

210
00:08:13.025 --> 00:08:16.965
So what they need is support on the technical part,

211
00:08:17.025 --> 00:08:19.845
and they need support also, maybe on the financial part

212
00:08:20.065 --> 00:08:22.445
to launch more business, to grow their business

213
00:08:22.445 --> 00:08:24.565
and then to change their realities, right?

214
00:08:24.625 --> 00:08:26.325
So those were some of the discussions

215
00:08:26.325 --> 00:08:27.445
and some of the implications

216
00:08:27.445 --> 00:08:30.965
that I think this study brought it sanctions is there's an

217
00:08:30.975 --> 00:08:32.925
unintended consequences, right?

218
00:08:32.985 --> 00:08:36.365
So we see the intended consequences, programs like this.

219
00:08:36.385 --> 00:08:38.645
We all know that training programs aim to

220
00:08:39.245 --> 00:08:40.925
increase the likelihood of people to get jobs,

221
00:08:41.325 --> 00:08:43.445
increase likelihood of entrepreneurship development,

222
00:08:43.665 --> 00:08:45.005
and also increase the income.

223
00:08:45.585 --> 00:08:50.045
But, but what usually papers have focused so much on this

224
00:08:50.045 --> 00:08:52.205
and forgot all other aspects, right?

225
00:08:52.265 --> 00:08:54.365
So they forgot those latent functions.

226
00:08:54.385 --> 00:08:58.245
So what we aim to show, in those papers is that yes,

227
00:08:59.125 --> 00:09:02.245
climbing the social stairs, using business training programs

228
00:09:02.545 --> 00:09:06.285
as a way to climb the social stair, can work.

229
00:09:06.805 --> 00:09:09.965
Actually people progress economically, they get more income,

230
00:09:09.995 --> 00:09:12.965
they develop, small business and so on, so forth.

231
00:09:13.275 --> 00:09:16.365
This comes at a cost and usually the latent function

232
00:09:16.365 --> 00:09:18.525
or the cost, and then the cost is that

233
00:09:19.145 --> 00:09:22.285
people feel this emotional struggle

234
00:09:22.315 --> 00:09:24.445
because yes, they climb the ladder,

235
00:09:24.505 --> 00:09:26.725
but at the same time as, as higher they go,

236
00:09:27.025 --> 00:09:28.445
the more stigmatized they are

237
00:09:28.515 --> 00:09:31.645
because they cannot change from where they are, right?

238
00:09:31.945 --> 00:09:33.485
And, and we all been there, right?

239
00:09:33.545 --> 00:09:36.125
To some extent, of course, this is in the favela context,

240
00:09:36.545 --> 00:09:38.765
but if you think about first generation students

241
00:09:38.875 --> 00:09:40.245
that get education,

242
00:09:40.245 --> 00:09:43.205
but at the same time don't have the same social context,

243
00:09:43.425 --> 00:09:44.525
the same cultural capital

244
00:09:44.945 --> 00:09:47.125
or immigrants that move to another country

245
00:09:47.145 --> 00:09:49.485
and are stigmatized because of their place of origin.

246
00:09:50.065 --> 00:09:52.045
Uh, so we all have a little bit

247
00:09:52.045 --> 00:09:53.885
of the impostor syndrome somehow.

248
00:09:54.505 --> 00:09:55.605
Of course, to some extent.

249
00:09:55.605 --> 00:09:58.365
Some people feel more the stigmatization, some people less.

250
00:09:58.745 --> 00:10:00.285
And in this case, with the favelas,

251
00:10:00.285 --> 00:10:01.485
I think it was very acute.

252
00:10:01.825 --> 00:10:03.645
I'm very passionate about those,

253
00:10:03.645 --> 00:10:06.005
disadvantaged communities in urban settings, right?

254
00:10:06.085 --> 00:10:10.045
I think, inequality and is everywhere, right?

255
00:10:10.385 --> 00:10:11.925
Um, both in developed

256
00:10:11.925 --> 00:10:14.365
and developing countries, they have buckets of inequality.

257
00:10:14.425 --> 00:10:15.525
So I keep studying that.

258
00:10:16.105 --> 00:10:19.245
Uh, I have another study that was more with the relationship

259
00:10:19.245 --> 00:10:21.765
between firms, e-commerce firms, and favelas.

260
00:10:22.185 --> 00:10:24.845
Uh, this one was more this partnership of NGO

261
00:10:24.845 --> 00:10:25.845
with public sector.

262
00:10:26.265 --> 00:10:29.605
And right now, what I'm very excited about are two papers,

263
00:10:29.905 --> 00:10:30.965
and I'll be very brief.

264
00:10:31.585 --> 00:10:34.405
One is we are, evaluating the intervention

265
00:10:34.475 --> 00:10:35.485
that happened in Rio

266
00:10:35.545 --> 00:10:39.805
before the Rio Olympics in 2016, in which the, the, the,

267
00:10:39.805 --> 00:10:43.365
the public sector tried to pacify some of the favelas.

268
00:10:43.365 --> 00:10:47.165
So they build up communitarian police units called,

269
00:10:47.445 --> 00:10:49.485
pacifying police units in many favelas.

270
00:10:49.705 --> 00:10:52.765
And we are seeing when you build up those more communitarian

271
00:10:52.785 --> 00:10:55.365
police force, does it help the market?

272
00:10:55.475 --> 00:10:58.365
Does it grow businesses? Do people get more employed?

273
00:10:58.475 --> 00:11:00.125
What are the economic effects of that?

274
00:11:00.145 --> 00:11:01.805
So this is one that I'm very excited.

275
00:11:02.305 --> 00:11:04.565
And another one that, it's, it's,

276
00:11:04.605 --> 00:11:05.805
I think it's really important.

277
00:11:06.305 --> 00:11:10.325
Uh, we are analyzing, we have data on mothers that are going

278
00:11:10.465 --> 00:11:13.685
to prenatal treatment, both in the favelas

279
00:11:13.685 --> 00:11:15.765
and outside the favelas, immediately outside.

280
00:11:16.185 --> 00:11:18.485
And the preliminary tests that we see is

281
00:11:18.485 --> 00:11:20.965
that inequality precedes birth.

282
00:11:21.345 --> 00:11:24.205
We see that, mothers from the favelas,

283
00:11:24.205 --> 00:11:25.845
they have less prenatal visits.

284
00:11:26.155 --> 00:11:27.805
They're more likely to have six

285
00:11:28.015 --> 00:11:29.405
C-sections when they deliver.

286
00:11:29.745 --> 00:11:32.085
The babies usually are with lower weights

287
00:11:32.585 --> 00:11:36.885
and with, lower scores in tests for vitality of the baby

288
00:11:36.945 --> 00:11:38.845
or potential for development of diseases.

289
00:11:39.225 --> 00:11:42.045
So I think really trying those,

290
00:11:42.125 --> 00:11:43.565
those people are across the street, right?

291
00:11:43.565 --> 00:11:44.885
They are really neighbors,

292
00:11:45.225 --> 00:11:48.325
and we see such a huge gap in terms of access

293
00:11:48.325 --> 00:11:50.605
to opportunities, income, education,

294
00:11:50.825 --> 00:11:52.245
and even access to healthcare

295
00:11:53.185 --> 00:11:55.045
before people are even born, right?

296
00:11:55.065 --> 00:11:56.525
So I think those are some of the projects

297
00:11:56.525 --> 00:11:58.525
that I'm working right now, and I'm really excited about.

Empowering Women in Brazilian Favelas: A Path to Economic Resilience

00:00:00 - The favelas are those Human slums in Brazil, right? Like, and of course I studied in Brazilian context, but we see the same type of communities All over the world, both in the global south or global north, right? So the UN franchise neighborhoods That do not Have, proper attendance for public service, do Not have many businesses inside, and usually people are In Poverty Conditions. So the Business training that I analyze in this paper is A NGO That tried to build upon a social distress Program in Brazil called BOA Familia

00:00:33 - Living Below the poverty line. The Business training program focused mostly on women of color with kids that live in the favelas and are recipients Of this, distress programs, right? So the training Consists on a nine month Program. The first Month is dedicated to Social psychological issues Of social emotional issues. So keep in mind, this population has been historically marginalized. Many of these women have suffered Domestic Abuse. So they are in a very vulnerable

00:01:03 - Training in this first month aims to provide them with, with a different mindset, the mindset that It's possible to change. It's possible to develop your skills, it's possible to get a job, to Develop your enterprises and enter the labor Market, either As employees or As entrepreneurs. The second part of the program Is The Really the technical Skills part, right? So Participants can choose Whatever Area they wanna specialize in, and it does ranges from astronomy to mechanics to

Empowerment Through Skill Training in Favelas

00:01:36 - Have more than 15 areas that people can ex specialize, and they receive eight month training Program. The final part of it That is very interesting is that they receive some coaching if they wanna become employees, How to, how to behave or what are good practices, For instance, if you're going in a job interview, How to craft your cv. So it's appealing or how to manage simple, simple techniques for, for small enterprises, right? PLA cash flow, how to separate

00:02:05 - Enterprise from your personal finances and so, so forth. So this is actually like The nine month program That was target And designed actually for this community with, With special like, special types Of training and communication and, and relations that helps Them to advance their career, that Advance their skills, Both psychologically but also more technically. So, objective of The study was We built up this partnership With the NGO, and they were very interested in know, okay, this public

00:02:37 - There are many impact evaluations showing that it lifted more than 20 million People out of poverty line, right? So, But then there is this next step that Is lagging, right? That says, okay, those people are out of Property, they can have more consumption, they improve the quality of life, But how About training them? How about improving their skills so they can access the labor market? So this program was customized to, to the favelas, to Rio regenerative favelas and aim to help with this next step, right?

Impact and Stigma in Favela Entrepreneurship Program

00:03:10 - and potentially move out of the, the social distress program. and, and, and, and of course it was customized to this public, but the main objective was to test if this had an impact and then scale up both in Rio and also in other cities in Brazil and potentially in other places of the world. So it was really an attempt to test their methodology, see, to see if it has an impact differently from more traditional development economics paper.

00:03:41 - of the impact of the program. So we had outcomes that were related to economic outcomes, so what type of jobs they got, how much income they made and so on. But we also had social psychological outcomes. So we measure if they felt more optimistic of the training, they felt more self effective if they were confident on their capabilities, and we measure how were their experiencing social stigma of different forms. So we measure social exte stigma of race, of income,

00:04:12 - So in other words, if they are feeling more stigmatized because they are from the favelas. So after the experiment, what we found is that yes, people enter more the labor market, especially as entrepreneurs. Yes, they gain more income. So they have significantly higher levels of income. They also are more optimistic, more self-confident, but this comes at an expense that is, they experience and feel more stigmatized precisely because they are from the favelas.

Economic Progress Amidst Stigmatization

00:04:41 - because we thought, well, what is going on? Right? They are increasing their income, they are progressing economically, in comparison to the control group, but at the same time, they are suffering this emotional backlash of feeling more and experience more the stigmatization process. We started exploring actually what was behind it, right? Because I mean, we knew the program and we analyzed, we didn't, several tests to see if it was something in the program that was causing the stigmatization process. And then through interviews, field visits, what came

00:05:15 - I mean they were historically marginalized, then they got more training, they are feeling more capable, and they start venturing out of the favelas looking for jobs. And many times they go through interview processes. And when the potential employers figure out that they actually, residents in the favelas, they are discontinued or they receive a bunch of nos, right? And then they end up going to entrepreneurship as a plan B, they develop their business. And then when they go after for suppliers in order

00:05:45 - they also receive nos because people don't wanna distribute the product store. People don't rely that they will pay. So many of them describe to us that, when they start venturing out of, of the favela, they, they feel like getting out of the ghetto, right? So they have this feeling that people from outside mistrust them, classify them as potential criminals or potentially related to criminal activity. So they don't wanna either hire them or any, or do business with them.

Navigating Economic Progress and Stigma in Favelas

00:06:18 - You progress economically, but the more you progress, the more income you make, the more you climb the social ladder, the more you experience the stigma because you are dealing with peers of arguably higher status, right? That see you as a potential dangerous person, right? Must say, this conversation pleases me a lot because this was a lot of the conversations that we had with both the NGO and also the Rio Municipality, right? So is that what can we do about it, right? we cannot change societal mindset about it.

00:06:49 - So what can we do to remediate? so some of those issues we discussed with DNO that we should incorporate in the program, so also prepare them better for when they start venturing out of the favelas to not, should not feel that punch that much, right? Of course, it's difficult, and, and, and is inevitable that they will face the stigmatization process, but at least aim to prepare them that look, once you get more trained, also be prepared that people

00:07:20 - because they think you might be associated with the gangs and so on and so forth. The second part that also is very interesting, the program has scaled up. It became public policy in the state of Sao Paulo, as well. What is what was great is that, it's reaching more than 10,000 single parent families led by women. What we have been discussing more recently is that we could also think about governmental policies that have specific lines of credits for those entrepreneurs, right? So if you are a resident in the favela

Empowering Entrepreneurs: Supporting Women in Marginalized Communities

00:07:51 - why can't you think about having a credit line that has some sort of subsidized from the government that you have a lower, lower interest that you have to pay and then you boost market activity within this communities, right? So those entrepreneurs, those women, they are the ones that know their reality. They are the really the agents of change in those locations, right? So what they need is support on the technical part, and they need support also, maybe on the financial part

00:08:22 - and then to change their realities, right? So those were some of the discussions and some of the implications that I think this study brought it sanctions is there's an unintended consequences, right? So we see the intended consequences, programs like this. We all know that training programs aim to increase the likelihood of people to get jobs, increase likelihood of entrepreneurship development, and also increase the income. But, but what usually papers have focused so much on this and forgot all other aspects, right?

00:08:54 - So what we aim to show, in those papers is that yes, climbing the social stairs, using business training programs as a way to climb the social stair, can work. Actually people progress economically, they get more income, they develop, small business and so on, so forth. This comes at a cost and usually the latent function or the cost, and then the cost is that people feel this emotional struggle

Stigmatization and Inequality in Urban Communities

00:09:24 - but at the same time as, as higher they go, the more stigmatized they are because they cannot change from where they are, right? And, and we all been there, right? To some extent, of course, this is in the favela context, but if you think about first generation students that get education, but at the same time don't have the same social context, the same cultural capital or immigrants that move to another country and are stigmatized because of their place of origin. so we all have a little bit of the impostor syndrome somehow.

00:09:55 - Some people feel more the stigmatization, some people less. And in this case, with the favelas, I think it was very acute. I'm very passionate about those, disadvantaged communities in urban settings, right? I think, inequality and is everywhere, right? both in developed and developing countries, they have buckets of inequality. So I keep studying that. I have another study that was more with the relationship between firms, e-commerce firms, and favelas. this one was more this partnership of NGO

00:10:26 - And right now, what I'm very excited about are two papers, and I'll be very brief. One is we are, evaluating the intervention that happened in Rio before the Rio Olympics in 2016, in which the, the, the, the public sector tried to pacify some of the favelas. So they build up communitarian police units called, pacifying police units in many favelas. And we are seeing when you build up those more communitarian police force, does it help the market?

Assessing Prenatal Care Inequality in Brazilian Favelas

00:10:58 - What are the economic effects of that? So this is one that I'm very excited. And another one that, it's, it's, I think it's really important. we are analyzing, we have data on mothers that are going to prenatal treatment, both in the favelas and outside the favelas, immediately outside. And the preliminary tests that we see is that inequality precedes birth. We see that, mothers from the favelas, they have less prenatal visits.

00:11:28 - C-sections when they deliver. The babies usually are with lower weights and with, lower scores in tests for vitality of the baby or potential for development of diseases. So I think really trying those, those people are across the street, right? They are really neighbors, and we see such a huge gap in terms of access to opportunities, income, education, and even access to healthcare before people are even born, right? So I think those are some of the projects

00:11:56 -

Faculti AI can make mistakes

Research

Policy

Analysis

Data

Originals

Explainers

Podcasts