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The intimate life of criminalization

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Giacomo Lampredi analyzes the affective and intimate dimensions of the criminalization of solidarity towards migrants. The core argument is that the criminalization of solidarity is a form of governance that acts through affectivity. I

Image courtesy of interviewee. January 17, 2024

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This video video discusses the concept of "Crimes of Solidarity" within the context of Italy, focusing on the growing criminalization of local populations who aid migrants. This video video criminalization has intensified since 2018, reflecting a shift in political discourse following the election of a conservative government. The study analyzes how NGOs assisting migrants are often portrayed negatively in the media, leading to societal debates about the appropriate level of solidarity that citizens should have towards refugees and asylum seekers.

The speaker highlights how the most significant forms of criminalization do not solely stem from government policies, but rather from personal relationships, such as family and friends, revealing an "intimate life of criminalization" where supportive actions towards migrants incite criticism from close relations. This video video dynamic illustrates the interconnectedness of societal pressures and legal regulations concerning migration.

The research, conducted in Florence and Turin, utilized participant observations and interviews with activists and volunteers engaged in migrant support. It emphasizes that expressions of solidarity often challenge family and social hierarchies, as deeper involvement with migrants can lead to harsher scrutiny from loved ones, reflecting values and priorities in personal domains.

This video video concludes by suggesting that effective citizenship and emotions are influenced by governance, with solidarity and hostility emerging from complex interactions between state mandates and societal reactions. Ultimately, it posits that understanding migration policies requires recognizing their actual impact and the intimate contexts in which these dynamics play out, where solidarity with outsiders can both challenge and reinforce existing border regimes.

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Here are five key points from the video:

1. **Concept of Crimes of Solidarity**: The study explores the notion of "crimes of solidarity," where individuals in Italy face penalties for providing assistance to migrants, highlighting a growing trend of criminalization since the coalition government took power in 2018.

2. **Intimate Nature of Criminalization**: The video emphasizes that the most significant forms of criminalization experienced by those aiding migrants often stem from their personal relationships, such as family and friends, rather than solely from state or legal sanctions. This reflects what the author describes as the "intimate life of criminalization."

3. **Political Convideo and Emotional Governance**: The author discusses how political discourse shapes emotional responses among citizens towards migrants, leading to feelings of solidarity or hostility. This relationship fosters a cycle of reactions where state narratives influence societal attitudes and vice versa.

4. **Framework of Affective Citizenship**: The paper employs the framework of "affective citizenship" to examine how emotions are tied to political practices and govern the ways citizens engage with migrants, indicating that effective citizenship encompasses complex emotional and political dynamics.

5. **Resistance and Solidarity**: The concluding thoughts highlight that solidarity with migrants can challenge existing governance structures regarding migration and borders. While citizens can be governed by emotions influenced by political rhetoric, they also possess the agency to resist these narratives through acts of solidarity.

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X-TIMESTAMP-MAP:LOCAL=00:00:00.000,MPEGTS=900000

00:00.145 --> 00:04.045
The context of this study is the debate around, the,

00:04.045 --> 00:06.565
so-called, crimes of Solidarity.

00:06.745 --> 00:09.205
Crimes of Solidarity is a critical concept

00:09.675 --> 00:12.125
that has spread at the media level as well

00:12.145 --> 00:13.325
as academic level.

00:13.705 --> 00:15.725
And, it refers to all cases

00:16.265 --> 00:19.725
in which local population is punishable by fines

00:20.065 --> 00:23.565
and imprisonment for aiding migrants in some ways,

00:23.955 --> 00:26.925
medical care, hospitality, food,

00:27.585 --> 00:31.725
and, many other forms of, situated care.

00:32.975 --> 00:36.195
Uh, in Italy in particular, we are witnessing an escalation

00:36.495 --> 00:41.195
of this kind of criminalization, especially since 2018

00:41.585 --> 00:44.595
with election of, country one government,

00:45.115 --> 00:48.515
a government supported by a coalition between a league

00:48.855 --> 00:51.635
and five star movement in that period.

00:51.895 --> 00:56.795
Indeed, NGOs that rescue migrants at sea are called,

00:56.935 --> 00:57.955
taxi service,

00:58.775 --> 01:02.595
and, were accused of, colliding with muggs

01:02.935 --> 01:06.555
and of acting as a pull factor for, illegal migration.

01:07.395 --> 01:09.965
This debate, I think,

01:10.185 --> 01:13.485
was a conflict about the right level of,

01:13.655 --> 01:18.525
legitimate involvement that, European citizens must,

01:18.905 --> 01:23.685
nly have with refugees and, asylum seekers.

01:23.965 --> 01:26.845
Moreover, it's impossible to ignore, I think,

01:27.425 --> 01:30.325
how nationality speeches on criminal solidarity

01:30.835 --> 01:35.285
take on the connotation, of, be trial,

01:35.465 --> 01:37.085
of the national community.

01:37.595 --> 01:39.685
It's this kind of be trial

01:39.715 --> 01:42.205
that also assumes the intimate connotations.

01:42.945 --> 01:46.645
So what is the intimacy of,

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criminalization in this context?

01:49.345 --> 01:52.725
Uh, the case study at the center of the paper show

01:52.725 --> 01:56.245
that in the everyday lives of the people engaged in act

01:56.245 --> 02:01.045
of solidarity, the most pervasive forms of criminalization

02:01.705 --> 02:04.525
do, do not come from political, legal

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or metic criminalization,

02:06.745 --> 02:10.845
but from the people that the supporters feel most attached,

02:11.195 --> 02:15.245
friends, partners, parents, sons, et cetera.

02:15.475 --> 02:18.725
This is what I call the intimate life of,

02:18.865 --> 02:20.085
criminalization.

02:20.625 --> 02:22.245
The more, situated

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and the vernacular form of, criminalization

02:26.585 --> 02:30.645
is also important to highlight how this,

02:31.235 --> 02:34.445
different kind of criminalization, the criminalization

02:34.515 --> 02:36.445
that comes from above,

02:37.185 --> 02:40.125
and the criminalization that comes from

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below from the people closest to the supporters,

02:44.225 --> 02:48.565
are intimately interconnected and reinforce, each other.

02:49.525 --> 02:53.445
I have analyzed the, this phenomena through the framework

02:53.825 --> 02:57.445
of, effective citizenship that is that framework

02:57.835 --> 03:02.765
that show us how emotions are ruled by political practices

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of governance and discourses that prescribe to the citizens

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how they must ly feel toward other citizens, toward,

03:12.505 --> 03:16.485
migrants and toward, political events in,

03:16.705 --> 03:19.325
in general, because every policy

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and every politics implicitly

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or explicitly prescribes solidarity, hostility, compassion,

03:27.445 --> 03:30.205
a sense of similarity or a sense of difference,

03:30.435 --> 03:34.805
because our practices that identify some as more familiar

03:35.345 --> 03:38.645
and others as more stranger as

03:39.205 --> 03:40.445
AK made said.

03:41.945 --> 03:44.185
I think, that the case of crimes

03:44.285 --> 03:46.825
of solidarity is exemplary in this sense

03:46.825 --> 03:49.025
because it shows how prescription

03:49.025 --> 03:53.665
of o acidity toward migrants, that comes from above,

03:54.445 --> 03:56.545
generate reaction from

03:56.555 --> 03:59.145
below which entire generate reaction.

03:59.275 --> 04:02.945
Again, it's a process composed by movement, reaction,

04:02.975 --> 04:05.465
counter movement, and counter counter movement.

04:06.025 --> 04:08.505
A conflict is created over the legitimate feeling

04:08.505 --> 04:11.425
to be failed toward the, migrants.

04:11.655 --> 04:16.105
However, I think, we must not

04:16.105 --> 04:17.705
to make the mistake of thinking

04:17.735 --> 04:20.865
that hostility comes solid from above

04:20.925 --> 04:22.305
and solidarity solidly from

04:22.315 --> 04:26.705
below affect effective citizenship is a multi-dimensional

04:27.085 --> 04:30.745
and the multi-directional concept describing the effective

04:31.025 --> 04:33.145
struggles over transformations

04:33.245 --> 04:36.465
or conservations of value, hierarchies.

04:36.805 --> 04:41.065
And, as, the case study, at the center

04:41.085 --> 04:45.145
of this paper, show us the strongest criminalization,

04:45.885 --> 04:48.865
comes from, the, the people closest

04:49.365 --> 04:50.425
to the supporters.

04:51.125 --> 04:55.185
The data comes from a research carry out

04:55.255 --> 04:59.625
between 2020 and 2021 in Florence

04:59.885 --> 05:02.385
and touring in, in Italy,

05:02.385 --> 05:06.505
which was focused on analyzing the effective transformation

05:06.505 --> 05:08.425
in those in solidarity with migrants.

05:09.505 --> 05:13.065
I spent a lot of time within the,

05:13.695 --> 05:17.705
network solidarity, of, these two cities

05:18.235 --> 05:21.105
doing participant and non participant observations

05:21.485 --> 05:25.425
and collecting interviews involved activists,

05:25.875 --> 05:30.745
volunteers, people who, who give, hospitality

05:30.765 --> 05:35.025
to migrants into their own home, members of NGOs

05:35.025 --> 05:39.585
and many other forms of, supporting having as a goal,

05:39.965 --> 05:44.465
the analysis of effective life of the supporters

05:44.925 --> 05:46.705
and those in solidarity with migrants.

05:47.065 --> 05:51.945
I also investigated the intimate aspects of their lives,

05:52.485 --> 05:55.225
the relationships within, the community

05:55.335 --> 05:57.645
with the loved ones and et cetera.

05:58.315 --> 06:01.645
Clearly, there are some involvement.

06:01.815 --> 06:03.285
There are more intimate

06:03.865 --> 06:06.565
and some, there are less so

06:07.085 --> 06:08.685
hospitality family, for example.

06:09.385 --> 06:12.325
So the competition between Italian families

06:12.585 --> 06:17.325
and migrant people, requires a lot of intimacy

06:17.325 --> 06:21.845
because, it's about the sharing of, everyday life.

06:22.425 --> 06:25.805
In addition, it's a matter of making visible, explicit

06:26.455 --> 06:31.045
one's involvement in to our migration in the neighborhood,

06:31.225 --> 06:35.165
into the, the community and, et cetera.

06:36.125 --> 06:40.145
In this sense, it's,

06:40.405 --> 06:42.705
in these cases that intimacy

06:42.705 --> 06:44.905
of criminalization becomes more evident.

06:45.685 --> 06:49.025
The more intimate, supportive involvement with migrants is,

06:49.925 --> 06:51.305
the more intimate

06:51.565 --> 06:55.705
and harsh the criticism from family members are generally,

06:56.445 --> 07:01.025
this kind of intimate, involvement, related

07:01.125 --> 07:04.985
to the, to the perceived threat to the hierarchy,

07:04.985 --> 07:08.585
of values and priorities that implicitly,

07:08.655 --> 07:11.865
each family member must maintain.

07:12.685 --> 07:15.465
The moment of criminalization, I think,

07:15.645 --> 07:17.945
is a phase in the genealogy of therapy

07:18.165 --> 07:21.385
and borders during which border regimes prescribes

07:21.495 --> 07:23.465
what the legitimate soaries are

07:23.805 --> 07:27.065
and what soaries are considered legitimate toward the

07:27.175 --> 07:31.265
outsiders and migrants festival about the intimacy

07:31.265 --> 07:33.905
of criminalization In the paper,

07:33.995 --> 07:36.785
there are many episodes reported, for example,

07:36.885 --> 07:41.025
in the paper is in politically discussed, the case,

07:41.485 --> 07:45.745
of a mother of an activist that tells her her doubter,

07:45.795 --> 07:47.825
commenting on her activism.

07:48.825 --> 07:52.865
Remember that the first solidarity is done, in family,

07:53.765 --> 07:58.265
a sentence very close to many political, slogan,

07:58.965 --> 08:01.945
such as prima Italian, Italian first,

08:02.205 --> 08:05.665
but also America first, cha La France,

08:06.005 --> 08:08.065
or the front national of Mari Le Pen,

08:08.535 --> 08:13.385
because solidarity with migrants is interpreted as a threat

08:13.605 --> 08:15.145
to the circle of concern

08:15.255 --> 08:18.625
that everyone should morally, respect.

08:19.165 --> 08:24.145
And, I think, it's interesting to observe

08:25.005 --> 08:29.745
how, the rhetoric around the circle of concern

08:30.565 --> 08:35.185
of, national community frequently

08:35.705 --> 08:39.545
overlaps with, the circle of concern of the family.

08:41.305 --> 08:45.925
And, this is very, is very interesting,

08:45.925 --> 08:49.405
observe this kind of, circularity

08:49.635 --> 08:53.405
between different, circle of concern.

08:53.755 --> 08:58.205
Another case that, it's very interesting

08:58.945 --> 09:03.765
in, in my opinion, is that case, is a case

09:03.865 --> 09:06.685
of, of a goal and humanitarian worker that

09:06.685 --> 09:10.685
during the interview she said, me, in my town, they call me

09:11.335 --> 09:15.725
Blats, with a mixture of racism and sexism.

09:16.265 --> 09:20.845
Uh, moreover, her parents, didn't say to the family,

09:20.845 --> 09:23.565
friends what she done as a humanitarian worker

09:23.915 --> 09:25.925
because they would be attacked.

09:26.465 --> 09:29.405
And, episode of exclusion from the family

09:30.345 --> 09:34.285
in these cases are really a really frequent,

09:36.065 --> 09:40.085
but more it's important to clarify one important things

09:41.255 --> 09:43.995
in, in my opinion, in describing criminalization

09:44.135 --> 09:46.235
as a strategy of governing emotions.

09:46.515 --> 09:50.315
I don't want to suggest the idea of return of the state

09:51.055 --> 09:55.315
as an all powerful monolith capable of rationality

09:55.895 --> 09:59.675
in the criminalization of solidarity, like a master puppeted

09:59.695 --> 10:03.235
by pulling the effective strings of, its citizens.

10:03.855 --> 10:05.315
But in a political context

10:05.485 --> 10:08.555
where state forces lost governmental power

10:08.815 --> 10:12.955
and authority, political parties become more sensitive to,

10:13.615 --> 10:16.155
the feelings of its citizens.

10:17.415 --> 10:18.715
So the emotional roots

10:18.935 --> 10:22.155
of the political populism are found in this kind

10:22.155 --> 10:25.355
of circularity between certain people's hostile feelings

10:26.435 --> 10:28.625
while perceived enemies,

10:29.445 --> 10:32.265
and, they are legitimation by,

10:32.265 --> 10:34.265
political forces and political parties.

10:35.045 --> 10:37.745
The conclusion is that the intimate aspects

10:37.805 --> 10:41.625
of solidarity relationships take place in a necessary

10:41.625 --> 10:46.225
political context because it provides the context for values

10:47.105 --> 10:49.505
hierarchies that are violated or reproduced.

10:49.815 --> 10:54.585
However, no politics can be effectively understood in

10:54.685 --> 10:58.785
its practical effects without taking into account the

10:59.065 --> 11:03.185
intimate task of, intimate aspect of social life.

11:04.265 --> 11:08.445
We can understand what migration politics are, I think

11:09.155 --> 11:12.485
only through understanding what migration politics do,

11:12.595 --> 11:14.245
because it's in this doing

11:14.245 --> 11:17.405
that migration governance is contested, changing,

11:17.875 --> 11:19.365
facilitated, or produced.

11:19.875 --> 11:23.645
Effectivity in this sense, is both the greatest support

11:23.745 --> 11:28.165
for government and its greatest threat through effectivity.

11:28.355 --> 11:29.525
It's possible to govern,

11:30.345 --> 11:33.005
but it's also possible to resist.

11:33.415 --> 11:37.445
Being in solidarity with outside can be a challenge

11:37.585 --> 11:39.365
to the current regimes of borders

11:39.365 --> 11:41.805
through which migration is governed.

11:42.245 --> 11:46.685
Moreover, the current, regimes of boundaries, values,

11:46.935 --> 11:48.605
priorities take shape,

11:48.785 --> 11:52.885
and in this case, take body through the people closest

11:53.385 --> 11:57.085
To the supporters of, of mine through c

11:57.735 --> 12:01.605
accusation of be trial accusation of

12:02.545 --> 12:05.845
not being a good mother, a good friend,

12:06.205 --> 12:10.045
a good family member, and, in general, a good Italian.

Criminalization and Solidarity in Migration Contexts

00:00:00 - The context of this study is the debate around, the, so-called, crimes of Solidarity. Crimes of Solidarity is a critical concept that has spread at the media level as well as academic level. And, it refers to all cases in which local population is punishable by fines and imprisonment for aiding migrants in some ways, medical care, hospitality, food, and, many other forms of, situated care.
00:00:36 - of this kind of criminalization, especially since 2018 with election of, country one government, a government supported by a coalition between a league and five star movement in that period. Indeed, NGOs that rescue migrants at sea are called, taxi service, and, were accused of, colliding with muggs and of acting as a pull factor for, illegal migration.
00:01:10 - was a conflict about the right level of, legitimate involvement that, European citizens must, nly have with refugees and, asylum seekers. Moreover, it's impossible to ignore, I think, how nationality speeches on criminal solidarity take on the connotation, of, be trial, of the national community.
00:01:39 - that also assumes the intimate connotations. So what is the intimacy of, criminalization in this context? the case study at the center of the paper show that in the everyday lives of the people engaged in act of solidarity, the most pervasive forms of criminalization do, do not come from political, legal or metic criminalization, but from the people that the supporters feel most attached,
00:02:15 - This is what I call the intimate life of, criminalization. The more, situated and the vernacular form of, criminalization is also important to highlight how this, different kind of criminalization, the criminalization that comes from above, and the criminalization that comes from below from the people closest to the supporters,
00:02:49 - I have analyzed the, this phenomena through the framework of, effective citizenship that is that framework that show us how emotions are ruled by political practices of governance and discourses that prescribe to the citizens how they must ly feel toward other citizens, toward, migrants and toward, political events in,

Crimes of Solidarity: Conflict and Intimacy

00:03:19 - and every politics implicitly or explicitly prescribes solidarity, hostility, compassion, a sense of similarity or a sense of difference, because our practices that identify some as more familiar and others as more stranger as AK made said. I think, that the case of crimes of solidarity is exemplary in this sense
00:03:49 - of o acidity toward migrants, that comes from above, generate reaction from below which entire generate reaction. Again, it's a process composed by movement, reaction, counter movement, and counter counter movement. A conflict is created over the legitimate feeling to be failed toward the, migrants. However, I think, we must not to make the mistake of thinking
00:04:20 - and solidarity solidly from below affect effective citizenship is a multi-dimensional and the multi-directional concept describing the effective struggles over transformations or conservations of value, hierarchies. And, as, the case study, at the center of this paper, show us the strongest criminalization, comes from, the, the people closest
00:04:51 - The data comes from a research carry out between 2020 and 2021 in Florence and touring in, in Italy, which was focused on analyzing the effective transformation in those in solidarity with migrants. I spent a lot of time within the, network solidarity, of, these two cities doing participant and non participant observations
00:05:25 - volunteers, people who, who give, hospitality to migrants into their own home, members of NGOs and many other forms of, supporting having as a goal, the analysis of effective life of the supporters and those in solidarity with migrants. I also investigated the intimate aspects of their lives,
00:05:55 - with the loved ones and et cetera. Clearly, there are some involvement. There are more intimate and some, there are less so hospitality family, for example. So the competition between Italian families and migrant people, requires a lot of intimacy because, it's about the sharing of, everyday life. In addition, it's a matter of making visible, explicit

Intimacy and Criticism in Solidarity Involvement

00:06:31 - into the, the community and, et cetera. In this sense, it's, in these cases that intimacy of criminalization becomes more evident. The more intimate, supportive involvement with migrants is, the more intimate and harsh the criticism from family members are generally, this kind of intimate, involvement, related
00:07:04 - of values and priorities that implicitly, each family member must maintain. The moment of criminalization, I think, is a phase in the genealogy of therapy and borders during which border regimes prescribes what the legitimate soaries are and what soaries are considered legitimate toward the outsiders and migrants festival about the intimacy
00:07:33 - there are many episodes reported, for example, in the paper is in politically discussed, the case, of a mother of an activist that tells her her doubter, commenting on her activism. Remember that the first solidarity is done, in family, a sentence very close to many political, slogan, such as prima Italian, Italian first,
00:08:06 - or the front national of Mari Le Pen, because solidarity with migrants is interpreted as a threat to the circle of concern that everyone should morally, respect. And, I think, it's interesting to observe how, the rhetoric around the circle of concern of, national community frequently
00:08:41 - And, this is very, is very interesting, observe this kind of, circularity between different, circle of concern. Another case that, it's very interesting in, in my opinion, is that case, is a case of, of a goal and humanitarian worker that
00:09:11 - Blats, with a mixture of racism and sexism. moreover, her parents, didn't say to the family, friends what she done as a humanitarian worker because they would be attacked. And, episode of exclusion from the family in these cases are really a really frequent, but more it's important to clarify one important things

Emotional Governance and Political Solidarity

00:09:44 - as a strategy of governing emotions. I don't want to suggest the idea of return of the state as an all powerful monolith capable of rationality in the criminalization of solidarity, like a master puppeted by pulling the effective strings of, its citizens. But in a political context where state forces lost governmental power and authority, political parties become more sensitive to,
00:10:17 - So the emotional roots of the political populism are found in this kind of circularity between certain people's hostile feelings while perceived enemies, and, they are legitimation by, political forces and political parties. The conclusion is that the intimate aspects of solidarity relationships take place in a necessary political context because it provides the context for values
00:10:49 - However, no politics can be effectively understood in its practical effects without taking into account the intimate task of, intimate aspect of social life. We can understand what migration politics are, I think only through understanding what migration politics do, because it's in this doing that migration governance is contested, changing,
00:11:19 - Effectivity in this sense, is both the greatest support for government and its greatest threat through effectivity. It's possible to govern, but it's also possible to resist. Being in solidarity with outside can be a challenge to the current regimes of borders through which migration is governed. Moreover, the current, regimes of boundaries, values, priorities take shape,
00:12:06 - To the supporters of, of mine through c accusation of be trial accusation of not being a good mother, a good friend, a good family member, and, in general, a good Italian.

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