Popular in Life Sciences

Biology

Plasticity and microevolution of diatoms

University of Technology Sydney Martina Doblin

Biology

Analysis of rare coding variants reveals novel genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes

University College London David Curtis

Life Sciences

The Mouse Cortical Connectome Maintains Specificity by Distinct Connectivity Profiles

Monash University Răzvan Gămănuţ

Life Sciences

Neural control of three-dimensional gaze shifts

York University

Biology

Quantifying nectar production by flowering plants in urban and rural landscapes

University of Bristol

Biology

Morbillivirus cross-species infection: is there a risk for humans?

Queens University Belfast

Life Sciences

Direct Fit to Nature

Princeton University

Urease producing microorganisms under dairy pasture management in soils across New Zealand

View more insights in Sciences - Life Sciences - Biology - Natural Sciences

View more figures from Lincoln University

View the page of Hossein Alizadeh

Read the Study

Next in Biology

Clonal Expansion of Infected CD4+ T Cells in People Living with HIV

John Coffin | Tufts University

Identification of a two-component signal transduction system that regulates maltose genes in Clostridium perfringens

Thomas Hiscox | Monash University

Urea, the most commonly used nitrogen fertiliser in New Zealand, can be quickly lost from the system via ammonia volatilisation or nitrate leaching following hydrolysis of urea by urease producing soil microorganisms (UPSMs). Hossein Alizadeh investigated UPSMs involved in urea degradation for upcoming research to reduce soil urease activity.

Image courtesy of interviewee. April 24, 2024

Log-in or Sign-up to Faculti
Currently viewing this subject insight as a guest. You have insight(s) remaining for this month. Login to view 8000+ figures on the platform.

Generating Workspace...

Export as PDF

This video video discusses the significance and implications of urea, the most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer worldwide, and its impact on agriculture and the environment. Urea was first synthesized in 1828, challenging earlier theories about the origins of organic compounds. Urease, the enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, is produced by certain soil microorganisms and can lead to substantial nitrogen loss (80-90%) shortly after application due to volatilization and leaching. This video video loss reduces nitrogen availability for plants and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation.

This video video also highlights the importance of identifying urease-producing microbes in soil, as they may aid in nitrogen utilization or contribute to its degradation. The study involved isolating microbes from diverse pasture soils in New Zealand, revealing a variety of urease-producing bacteria and fungi. A significant number of these microbes were identified to belong to different taxonomic groups, with some demonstrating particularly high urease activity.

The researchers noted that various environmental factors, such as soil moisture and temperature, influence urease activity. They proposed future work to manipulate these soil microbes to improve the persistence of urea in the soil, thereby enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in plants. Additionally, the research indicated a shift in understanding regarding the culturable versus non-culturable nature of soil microorganisms, emphasizing that more focus should be placed not only on enzyme activity but also on the microbial populations that produce these enzymes. Overall, the findings could inform better agricultural practices to maximize the effectiveness of urea while minimizing environmental impacts.

Language:

Export as PDF

X-TIMESTAMP-MAP:LOCAL=00:00:00.000,MPEGTS=900000

00:00.235 --> 00:03.495
Uh, you might know that the uria is the most common,

00:04.015 --> 00:06.975
commonly used nitrogen fertilizer in the world.

00:07.835 --> 00:10.335
And uria was the first organic

00:11.295 --> 00:15.295
molecular ever synthesized in the lab, in 1828,

00:16.015 --> 00:18.935
challenging the Vitalist theory on the origin

00:19.035 --> 00:20.535
of organic compounds.

00:21.275 --> 00:24.335
Urease, which can degrade uria,

00:24.435 --> 00:28.815
is a niche dependent enzyme, which can catalyze

00:29.605 --> 00:32.655
uria to ammonia and carbon dioxide.

00:32.655 --> 00:37.295
And it is interesting. Urease also was the first enzyme

00:38.085 --> 00:39.215
that crystallized.

00:39.565 --> 00:44.415
Yeah. And urias can be found in plants, fungi, bacteria,

00:44.555 --> 00:48.215
and some invertebrates, but not animals.

00:48.915 --> 00:53.255
The problem is when, farmers apply uria in the field,

00:53.725 --> 00:58.175
uria can be quickly lost from the system wire

00:58.755 --> 00:59.975
Nia Volatilization

01:00.195 --> 01:04.895
or nitrate leaching, following hydrolysis by,

01:05.555 --> 01:09.775
urease enzyme, which, this enzyme is produced by

01:10.595 --> 01:13.575
urease producing soil microorganisms.

01:13.995 --> 01:18.895
So, that's interesting that, I tell you,

01:19.005 --> 01:23.655
between 80 to 90% uria can be lost

01:23.655 --> 01:26.935
because of this enzyme within one or two days

01:27.225 --> 01:28.815
after, application.

01:29.555 --> 01:32.895
And therefore, nitrogen avail availability

01:33.075 --> 01:35.615
to the plant is, reduced.

01:35.995 --> 01:39.855
And, we'll have subsequent production of nitrous oxide,

01:39.855 --> 01:42.055
which is a greenhouse gas,

01:42.835 --> 01:47.135
and also leaching of soil nitrate to waterways,

01:47.135 --> 01:51.455
which are contributors, to environmental damage.

01:51.615 --> 01:53.295
H

01:53.475 --> 01:58.295
but why microbes, why some microbes should have urease?

01:58.295 --> 02:01.815
Because, some references, mentioned

02:01.815 --> 02:06.575
that it helps them to use, nitrogen,

02:06.835 --> 02:09.415
uria as a nitrogen source, for example.

02:10.355 --> 02:14.935
Uh, in general, UES en enables some micro,

02:15.245 --> 02:19.095
some bacteria like, they belong to klei,

02:20.075 --> 02:24.055
genus to use, uria as a sole source

02:24.115 --> 02:25.135
of nitrogen.

02:25.995 --> 02:30.135
And also, ues in some human pathogens,

02:31.275 --> 02:35.455
can act as a viral dense factor, like,

02:35.595 --> 02:40.375
helico is the famous bacteria, bacteria that could cause,

02:40.515 --> 02:44.375
human, stomach ulcer produces,

02:44.435 --> 02:45.895
the ues.

02:46.635 --> 02:50.095
So, we have these microbes in soil as well.

02:50.395 --> 02:53.535
And as I said, they could, make problem

02:53.795 --> 02:55.615
and waste uria.

02:55.615 --> 02:59.725
When we apply to soil, farmers are using,

03:00.185 --> 03:04.365
the uase inhibitors, some uase inhibitors, which,

03:04.545 --> 03:08.885
they can be applied in field, then they can block es,

03:09.145 --> 03:10.445
enzyme, enzyme, and

03:10.485 --> 03:14.565
consequently, uria can last in soil for longer time,

03:14.665 --> 03:16.725
and plant can uptake them.

03:16.905 --> 03:21.125
So we'll have less wastage, especially ammonia,

03:21.785 --> 03:23.325
volatilization.

03:24.435 --> 03:27.485
Also, farmers sometimes use, coated uria,

03:27.855 --> 03:30.445
which is like slow release fertilizer

03:30.505 --> 03:34.645
and will release, uria little by little,

03:34.905 --> 03:38.165
so doesn't have, much chance to be degraded quickly,

03:38.395 --> 03:41.965
like in between one or two days, up to 80 to 90%.

03:43.265 --> 03:47.525
And, soil URI activity could be affected,

03:48.065 --> 03:52.205
by some factors, including moisture, soil moisture, I mean,

03:52.675 --> 03:55.405
temperature, soil, organic matter, pH,

03:55.785 --> 03:59.205
and also rate of fertilizer,

03:59.435 --> 04:01.445
applied to soil.

04:02.505 --> 04:07.085
So, we, what, we were doing,

04:07.105 --> 04:11.925
for this study was to identify soil microbes,

04:11.925 --> 04:15.765
which produce, urease,

04:16.625 --> 04:18.045
the time we started working.

04:18.305 --> 04:20.525
Uh, not many report about that,

04:20.585 --> 04:23.565
but recently scientists started working on

04:24.135 --> 04:26.765
lytic microorganisms distribution,

04:26.795 --> 04:30.005
because they are also very important for remediating

04:30.145 --> 04:33.365
of soil, heavy metal based on carbonate

04:33.725 --> 04:35.565
precipitation in soil.

04:35.945 --> 04:38.925
And also, I've seen some of these microbes are being used

04:38.945 --> 04:42.005
for self-healing, concrete production,

04:42.025 --> 04:43.365
and it's very interesting.

04:43.865 --> 04:47.925
But, because most of, papers, had worked on,

04:48.625 --> 04:49.925
s enzyme

04:50.345 --> 04:52.845
and, ES inhibitors,

04:53.585 --> 04:56.565
we were thinking if we could isolate some microbes

04:56.565 --> 04:57.685
and identify them,

04:57.685 --> 05:01.205
maybe we can interfere their population in soil

05:01.305 --> 05:04.765
and try to reduce es activity

05:05.235 --> 05:07.365
with different ways in soil

05:07.505 --> 05:11.965
and see if we can do something that u last in soil

05:12.705 --> 05:17.245
for a longer period, then plant will have, some chance

05:17.425 --> 05:18.565
to use them.

05:19.185 --> 05:21.765
And we started, isolating culture

05:22.625 --> 05:24.485
microorganisms that time.

05:25.305 --> 05:29.405
Uh, scientists believe that 99% of

05:30.195 --> 05:33.085
soil microorganisms are not culturable.

05:33.685 --> 05:36.485
Actually, we are working on 1% of microbes

05:36.485 --> 05:41.005
that are culturable, which might not be a good indication,

05:41.345 --> 05:44.445
but even 1% doesn't mean

05:44.445 --> 05:47.685
that they produce less urease that 99%.

05:47.785 --> 05:50.005
But recently, a paper published

05:50.345 --> 05:53.685
and which, corrected that paradigm

05:53.715 --> 05:58.255
that 99% of, microorganisms

05:58.255 --> 05:59.815
of soil are non culture,

05:59.915 --> 06:02.095
and now they believe that majority

06:02.275 --> 06:05.295
of soil microorganisms are culturable.

06:05.595 --> 06:08.415
So that's the work we started, to do.

06:08.475 --> 06:12.535
And, we decided to work on soil s producing microbes.

06:12.875 --> 06:17.015
Uh, we started, collecting soil from,

06:17.075 --> 06:18.295
dairy pasture.

06:19.315 --> 06:22.535
Uh, soils are across New Zealand,

06:22.645 --> 06:25.575
with a pasture species component of rye grass

06:25.715 --> 06:26.935
and white clover.

06:27.775 --> 06:30.575
'cause in New Zealand, mostly pastures are,

06:31.655 --> 06:36.055
composed these two, plant species and pastures.

06:36.075 --> 06:39.695
Uh, we choose, age between nine months even.

06:39.715 --> 06:44.655
We had pasture, with, 60 years old,

06:44.685 --> 06:48.255
yeah, being used as a pasture to, use

06:48.315 --> 06:49.735
for animal grazing.

06:50.635 --> 06:55.255
And we started collecting soil from,

06:55.345 --> 06:56.735
those, areas.

06:57.035 --> 07:01.095
Uh, they look at located at different, provinces,

07:01.305 --> 07:05.375
oline Canterbury, Manawa to Malboro Nelson, Otago Taranaki,

07:06.075 --> 07:08.935
Waikato Ra and West Coast.

07:09.035 --> 07:12.695
And, to collect soil samples, mostly,

07:12.995 --> 07:17.175
we choose a diagonal from corner to corner, a straight

07:18.015 --> 07:20.815
sampling line, and took six samples from

07:20.925 --> 07:22.255
each and mixed together.

07:22.995 --> 07:27.655
And then we took, one kg soil as representative of each

07:28.615 --> 07:30.535
location, transferred them to lab,

07:31.235 --> 07:35.575
and made the some, serial dilutions.

07:35.675 --> 07:38.295
We culture them on URIs detection media

07:38.875 --> 07:41.495
and started isolating different microbes.

07:41.955 --> 07:44.415
Of course, as I said, they are cultural microbes

07:44.415 --> 07:45.735
because, they are growing.

07:45.915 --> 07:48.415
If they are not cultural, they are not going

07:48.415 --> 07:50.135
to grow on the medium.

07:50.925 --> 07:54.575
Then also, we, when we, purified them

07:54.675 --> 07:57.815
and got single colony, then,

07:57.875 --> 08:00.775
we started the protein extraction,

08:01.115 --> 08:05.135
and then we check again, ues activity of

08:05.725 --> 08:07.135
each microorganism.

08:07.325 --> 08:09.735
Then we needed to identify them.

08:10.715 --> 08:13.615
So what we did, we extracted total genomic

08:14.615 --> 08:18.535
DNA from either fungi or bacteria.

08:18.875 --> 08:22.375
And we used different primers for fungi.

08:22.375 --> 08:26.095
We used the, the internal transcript regimen

08:26.185 --> 08:30.175
after ribosomal, we amplified that,

08:30.475 --> 08:31.615
area.

08:31.755 --> 08:36.695
And also for bacteria, we use 16 SR RNA,

08:37.155 --> 08:39.975
which, using two primers, we opl amplified.

08:39.975 --> 08:43.655
Then, the amons we sent, for sequencing

08:43.835 --> 08:46.415
and identified those microbes.

08:46.415 --> 08:50.975
And totally, we identified 54 different species

08:51.325 --> 08:55.215
from different soil around the con country.

08:56.265 --> 09:00.885
Uh, fungal general belong to diverse taxonomical groups,

09:01.235 --> 09:05.165
like, phyla, ascota, pio, myta,

09:05.165 --> 09:06.285
and zemy Cota.

09:06.785 --> 09:10.045
And also bacteria we identified belong to

09:11.705 --> 09:15.605
gammaproteobacteria and also beta operator bacteria.

09:16.115 --> 09:17.725
Some of them, like, RIA

09:18.385 --> 09:23.125
and Mucor showed very, very strong RAs activity.

09:23.545 --> 09:28.085
And there was, the very fast, amazing

09:28.305 --> 09:30.725
how the s activity strong.

09:31.465 --> 09:36.205
And also, I should add that, we, for first time,

09:36.225 --> 09:40.525
we report, s activity from three different,

09:40.755 --> 09:45.645
general polonia, Mariana, and also gliomas.

09:45.665 --> 09:48.325
Uh, in previous reports,

09:48.325 --> 09:52.845
these microorganisms hadn't been reported for ES production

09:53.625 --> 09:56.525
and also, in different climates.

09:56.585 --> 09:57.885
It was, interesting.

09:57.915 --> 10:01.085
Like in Nelson, we found that soil dominant

10:01.605 --> 10:05.765
Es producers are bacteria compared with export, which,

10:05.875 --> 10:07.525
were fgi.

10:07.705 --> 10:11.445
So, depends on the area as well.

10:11.505 --> 10:16.325
We got, different, microbes, either bacteria

10:16.585 --> 10:19.485
or fungi.

10:19.705 --> 10:23.445
And also the least includes a wide range of microorganisms,

10:23.445 --> 10:25.525
including spro, for example.

10:25.785 --> 10:28.765
Ki is Ide

10:29.585 --> 10:31.685
and, like human pathogen.

10:31.795 --> 10:36.765
Also, we isolated, from soil trichosporon, which,

10:37.385 --> 10:40.845
is a human pathogen could produce, es

10:40.865 --> 10:44.285
and also insect and nematode pathogens, like s

10:44.305 --> 10:47.765
or Polonia, where in the lease.

10:47.785 --> 10:51.285
And also some plant pathogens like fusarium soi

10:52.045 --> 10:55.725
interestingly produce, is, producing

10:56.265 --> 10:57.565
urease as well.

10:58.025 --> 11:02.205
So some, microbes were very widespread,

11:02.295 --> 11:07.165
could find it all, all almost everywhere, like fpor.

11:08.185 --> 11:12.525
But, some of them just very dependent on like,

11:13.065 --> 11:16.045
soil type, which was very important.

11:16.785 --> 11:20.045
Or like geos, we only found it, at Lincoln.

11:20.505 --> 11:22.725
No, not any other area.

11:23.265 --> 11:27.325
And we did some, experiment on there,

11:27.495 --> 11:28.725
later on pH.

11:29.065 --> 11:32.645
And, you know, some of the factors which are very important

11:32.745 --> 11:37.005
to use it on future for, some,

11:37.115 --> 11:41.125
experiments to, find a way to reduce soil

11:42.125 --> 11:45.765
activity in, New Zealand pastures.

11:46.235 --> 11:50.645
Yeah, those, fungi, as I said, they, they belong

11:50.675 --> 11:52.605
with, very different,

11:53.345 --> 11:55.205
Uh, like a diverse,

11:55.555 --> 11:57.845
Taxonomical group, like Oscar mic,

11:58.115 --> 11:59.115
COTA. We had

11:59.115 --> 12:01.805
the, like, do

12:03.195 --> 12:04.195
Doms Or

12:05.215 --> 12:08.805
Euros, lows and mce

12:09.425 --> 12:12.485
and lumio, the myta.

12:12.705 --> 12:15.645
We had Treme Loyce. And also

12:16.185 --> 12:18.005
For Zy myta, we

12:18.005 --> 12:19.205
Had Mucor,

12:19.855 --> 12:22.845
Which, all of them should,

12:23.645 --> 12:26.405
es activity for bacteria. So,

12:27.225 --> 12:31.165
Gammaproteobacteria, Uh, beta bacteria, which,

12:31.165 --> 12:32.325
as I

12:32.325 --> 12:33.605
Said before, some of them were

12:33.835 --> 12:35.245
Very, very Strong

12:36.185 --> 12:37.185
Ess activity.

12:37.825 --> 12:39.525
And, They could show

12:40.745 --> 12:43.405
In, Uh,

12:43.805 --> 12:47.885
Em, in, in emmic Cota, I can't,

12:47.885 --> 12:50.005
mention some different,

12:50.625 --> 12:52.005
Uh, Genea like,

12:52.065 --> 12:55.685
Uh, Cladosporium Livia showed

12:55.685 --> 12:58.005
Very good activity. And,

12:58.275 --> 12:59.885
From, class Two

13:00.795 --> 13:04.445
CETs and Pomy penicillium, also from

13:05.715 --> 13:09.765
CETs and ce from Tio, mice showed

13:10.285 --> 13:12.045
A very, very good activity.

13:12.865 --> 13:15.285
And from Sidio myta,

13:15.745 --> 13:19.365
Uh, crypto Cocus Trichosporon,

13:19.375 --> 13:20.805
which I, as I said, is

13:20.845 --> 13:21.845
A human ion.

13:21.845 --> 13:24.085
And Zi, micro Cota, we found ob,

13:24.505 --> 13:27.725
Uh, sidia, which is, Again, another,

13:28.385 --> 13:30.965
Uh, fungus And,

13:31.425 --> 13:34.045
For, bacteria.

13:34.435 --> 13:39.045
Also, as I said, cop, cop reduce,

13:39.095 --> 13:41.005
which is very, very,

13:41.825 --> 13:44.445
Strong, Activity has shown.

13:45.025 --> 13:46.165
And It's,

13:46.785 --> 13:51.685
It belongs to, Uh, Beto proto, bacteria,

13:52.185 --> 13:54.445
for, the, like, the,

13:54.755 --> 13:57.445
Depends on the Soil type. Like,

13:57.505 --> 14:00.885
Uh, some of them only could be found in ent,

14:01.235 --> 14:03.085
Area, Some microbes

14:03.245 --> 14:04.245
We had. And,

14:04.245 --> 14:07.565
some of them could be only in the

14:08.015 --> 14:10.445
Canterbury area. So,

14:10.905 --> 14:12.365
All depends on the location.

14:12.705 --> 14:15.045
And maybe some of,

14:16.185 --> 14:17.565
Uh, Them depends on the

14:17.835 --> 14:20.485
Also soil type as well, Depends on really

14:21.505 --> 14:23.925
To, soil type. So

14:24.425 --> 14:27.925
We couldn't find, also, I should add no gram-positive

14:28.325 --> 14:29.325
Es Producing

14:30.045 --> 14:33.005
Bacteria Or actinomyces from New Zealand. So,

14:33.705 --> 14:36.005
Uh, That's very interesting,

14:36.005 --> 14:38.365
Because, Uh, some, gram-positive

14:39.445 --> 14:41.405
Bacteria Have been reported

14:41.475 --> 14:43.085
That they produce UREs.

14:43.095 --> 14:44.245
Maybe they are not

14:44.835 --> 14:46.565
Pasture solar Residents.

14:46.565 --> 14:49.365
That's the reason we couldn't find them,

14:49.785 --> 14:50.925
Uh, In New Zealand.

14:51.745 --> 14:55.565
So some, gram-negative bacteria, including

14:56.455 --> 14:59.685
opium bor, Borella

15:00.065 --> 15:02.685
or Bo Bohor,

15:03.385 --> 15:06.525
and, were also not isolated from pasture.

15:06.865 --> 15:10.965
So, so means that they are likely, they are not,

15:11.385 --> 15:14.565
the soil in ha in habitat.

15:14.705 --> 15:17.165
So they are not, living in soil.

15:18.145 --> 15:20.965
Uh, other soil u is producing bacteria,

15:21.315 --> 15:23.005
including two capsule

15:23.465 --> 15:26.405
and Euro plasma, Euro co,

15:26.745 --> 15:30.125
or fungus, co co

15:31.315 --> 15:34.005
have not been previously reported in New Zealand.

15:34.305 --> 15:38.845
So it means that, they are absent in New Zealand soil.

15:38.845 --> 15:40.325
That's the reason we couldn't find,

15:40.435 --> 15:42.325
they have been reported in other papers

15:42.355 --> 15:43.845
that they produce Es,

15:43.865 --> 15:48.005
but they are not in New Zealand soil, so we couldn't I,

15:48.025 --> 15:49.325
identify them.

15:50.305 --> 15:53.205
So, also,

15:53.765 --> 15:56.925
emer law was not found in New Zealand,

15:57.065 --> 16:01.125
but it has been, found in sewage sludge in,

16:01.125 --> 16:02.285
previous study.

16:02.345 --> 16:06.245
And as we collected soil samples from pasture,

16:06.705 --> 16:11.285
no wonder we couldn't, detect them in soil.

16:11.785 --> 16:16.545
Uh, and I would

16:16.685 --> 16:21.345
say, again, as Es is an,

16:21.485 --> 16:24.745
as an enzyme that, is produced

16:24.805 --> 16:27.905
by soil es producing microbes.

16:28.445 --> 16:31.945
So, reduction of population

16:31.945 --> 16:34.705
of these microbes could be very, very important.

16:34.965 --> 16:38.465
But, most of research, as I said, has been focused on

16:39.265 --> 16:43.545
ES activity, which is enzyme,

16:43.555 --> 16:45.905
which is released by these microbes,

16:45.925 --> 16:49.385
but not much work has been done on those microbes,

16:49.385 --> 16:51.065
and we try to identify them.

16:51.985 --> 16:54.345
Cultural s producing microorganisms

16:54.705 --> 16:55.905
isolated from New Zealand.

16:55.905 --> 16:59.145
Pasture soils belong to various

16:59.915 --> 17:01.425
systematic categories

17:01.565 --> 17:05.905
and fungal species were predominant, where we didn't get,

17:05.925 --> 17:08.825
many bacterial isolates.

17:08.845 --> 17:12.385
So these microorganisms, which were found in New Zealand

17:12.385 --> 17:16.705
through throat New Zealand, are responsible for

17:17.325 --> 17:21.225
ure degradation, and then resulting in nitrogen loses

17:21.295 --> 17:22.505
from soil.

17:23.205 --> 17:25.665
Uh, so future work, what we are going to do

17:25.665 --> 17:27.065
to work on these microbes

17:27.065 --> 17:31.345
and see how we can somehow do something that,

17:31.925 --> 17:36.105
uria can last in soil for longer

17:36.205 --> 17:39.625
to improve plant nitrogen use efficiency

17:40.175 --> 17:41.785
following uria application.

17:43.025 --> 17:46.985
A number of genea, including por,

17:48.125 --> 17:53.045
pseudo and saraia were isolated from both

17:53.535 --> 17:56.005
north and south island in New Zealand,

17:57.385 --> 18:02.205
but some, including cords, hu Geomi, crypto Cocus

18:02.225 --> 18:04.725
and Mariana were also

18:05.795 --> 18:08.125
were only found in South island.

18:08.385 --> 18:11.365
We couldn't found these microbes in north island.

18:12.505 --> 18:16.685
And, soil, collected, as I said, were the,

18:16.745 --> 18:19.725
in a range of age, between nine months to

18:20.255 --> 18:22.405
60, years old.

18:22.505 --> 18:26.045
And most of, those pastures had a seal.

18:26.465 --> 18:29.925
Ilt Lo texture, fomo,

18:30.025 --> 18:32.045
was isolated from the youngest

18:32.185 --> 18:35.125
and old pasture in this study, suggesting

18:35.125 --> 18:38.445
that this fungus present in both, islands

18:38.445 --> 18:42.685
and campes in soil also, for even long time.

18:44.075 --> 18:48.245
Some, macroorganisms, for example, fusarium, p**n, col,

18:48.245 --> 18:50.125
cladosporium, PASIs F

18:50.265 --> 18:53.525
and pseudomonas were found in different soil types,

18:54.375 --> 18:56.845
while some were in only one soil type.

18:57.555 --> 19:00.725
Keto, for example, was only in one kind of soil,

19:00.825 --> 19:05.045
or trichosporon, also, which is a human pathogen.

19:05.505 --> 19:09.365
We only found it in one kind of soil, not everywhere.

19:09.465 --> 19:13.005
And that's good because it's human, pathogen.

19:14.675 --> 19:19.285
Also, the, proportion of soil bacteria, as I said,

19:19.785 --> 19:23.245
that time were thinking that culture, well is a small,

19:23.245 --> 19:24.805
maybe one to 10%.

19:25.385 --> 19:29.645
But recently, a paper reported that,

19:29.775 --> 19:33.405
culturable microorganisms are, majority

19:33.465 --> 19:34.685
of soil microbes.

19:34.685 --> 19:37.565
And this indicates that those microbes we have isolated

19:38.225 --> 19:43.205
are very important in, degradation of, uria.

19:44.265 --> 19:48.045
And, we believe that, can give us an indication

19:48.155 --> 19:53.045
that which one are mostly involved, to,

19:53.375 --> 19:56.445
deree, to urea degradation on their pasture.

19:56.705 --> 20:00.085
So, so these isolates, can be used

20:00.085 --> 20:01.765
for further studies, as I said.

20:01.825 --> 20:05.805
And, the two studies, related to optimization

20:05.865 --> 20:09.485
of uria application based on microbial.

20:09.535 --> 20:13.485
While fa favored environmental conditions to increase

20:14.245 --> 20:18.085
nitrogen use efficiency in plants and.

Challenges and Solutions for Urea Fertilization

00:00:00 - you might know that the uria is the most common, commonly used nitrogen fertilizer in the world. And uria was the first organic molecular ever synthesized in the lab, in 1828, challenging the Vitalist theory on the origin of organic compounds. Urease, which can degrade uria, is a niche dependent enzyme, which can catalyze uria to ammonia and carbon dioxide.
00:00:38 - that crystallized. Yeah. And urias can be found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some invertebrates, but not animals. The problem is when, farmers apply uria in the field, uria can be quickly lost from the system wire Nia Volatilization or nitrate leaching, following hydrolysis by,
00:01:10 - urease producing soil microorganisms. So, that's interesting that, I tell you, between 80 to 90% uria can be lost because of this enzyme within one or two days after, application. And therefore, nitrogen avail availability to the plant is, reduced.
00:01:39 - which is a greenhouse gas, and also leaching of soil nitrate to waterways, which are contributors, to environmental damage. H but why microbes, why some microbes should have urease? Because, some references, mentioned that it helps them to use, nitrogen,
00:02:10 - in general, UES en enables some micro, some bacteria like, they belong to klei, genus to use, uria as a sole source of nitrogen. And also, ues in some human pathogens, can act as a viral dense factor, like, helico is the famous bacteria, bacteria that could cause,
00:02:44 - the ues. So, we have these microbes in soil as well. And as I said, they could, make problem and waste uria. When we apply to soil, farmers are using, the uase inhibitors, some uase inhibitors, which, they can be applied in field, then they can block es, enzyme, enzyme, and consequently, uria can last in soil for longer time,

Optimizing Urea Usage and Microbial Identification

00:03:16 - So we'll have less wastage, especially ammonia, volatilization. Also, farmers sometimes use, coated uria, which is like slow release fertilizer and will release, uria little by little, so doesn't have, much chance to be degraded quickly, like in between one or two days, up to 80 to 90%. And, soil URI activity could be affected,
00:03:52 - temperature, soil, organic matter, pH, and also rate of fertilizer, applied to soil. So, we, what, we were doing, for this study was to identify soil microbes, which produce, urease, the time we started working.
00:04:20 - but recently scientists started working on lytic microorganisms distribution, because they are also very important for remediating of soil, heavy metal based on carbonate precipitation in soil. And also, I've seen some of these microbes are being used for self-healing, concrete production, and it's very interesting. But, because most of, papers, had worked on,
00:04:50 - and, ES inhibitors, we were thinking if we could isolate some microbes and identify them, maybe we can interfere their population in soil and try to reduce es activity with different ways in soil and see if we can do something that u last in soil for a longer period, then plant will have, some chance to use them.
00:05:22 - microorganisms that time. scientists believe that 99% of soil microorganisms are not culturable. Actually, we are working on 1% of microbes that are culturable, which might not be a good indication, but even 1% doesn't mean that they produce less urease that 99%. But recently, a paper published
00:05:53 - that 99% of, microorganisms of soil are non culture, and now they believe that majority of soil microorganisms are culturable. So that's the work we started, to do. And, we decided to work on soil s producing microbes. we started, collecting soil from, dairy pasture. soils are across New Zealand,

Microbial Diversity in New Zealand Pastures

00:06:25 - and white clover. 'cause in New Zealand, mostly pastures are, composed these two, plant species and pastures. we choose, age between nine months even. We had pasture, with, 60 years old, yeah, being used as a pasture to, use for animal grazing. And we started collecting soil from,
00:06:57 - they look at located at different, provinces, oline Canterbury, Manawa to Malboro Nelson, Otago Taranaki, Waikato Ra and West Coast. And, to collect soil samples, mostly, we choose a diagonal from corner to corner, a straight sampling line, and took six samples from each and mixed together. And then we took, one kg soil as representative of each
00:07:31 - and made the some, serial dilutions. We culture them on URIs detection media and started isolating different microbes. Of course, as I said, they are cultural microbes because, they are growing. If they are not cultural, they are not going to grow on the medium. Then also, we, when we, purified them and got single colony, then, we started the protein extraction,
00:08:05 - each microorganism. Then we needed to identify them. So what we did, we extracted total genomic DNA from either fungi or bacteria. And we used different primers for fungi. We used the, the internal transcript regimen after ribosomal, we amplified that, area.
00:08:37 - which, using two primers, we opl amplified. Then, the amons we sent, for sequencing and identified those microbes. And totally, we identified 54 different species from different soil around the con country. fungal general belong to diverse taxonomical groups, like, phyla, ascota, pio, myta,
00:09:06 - And also bacteria we identified belong to gammaproteobacteria and also beta operator bacteria. Some of them, like, RIA and Mucor showed very, very strong RAs activity. And there was, the very fast, amazing how the s activity strong. And also, I should add that, we, for first time,

Diversity of Microorganisms Producing Urease Enzymes

00:09:40 - general polonia, Mariana, and also gliomas. in previous reports, these microorganisms hadn't been reported for ES production and also, in different climates. It was, interesting. Like in Nelson, we found that soil dominant Es producers are bacteria compared with export, which, were fgi.
00:10:11 - We got, different, microbes, either bacteria or fungi. And also the least includes a wide range of microorganisms, including spro, for example. Ki is Ide and, like human pathogen. Also, we isolated, from soil trichosporon, which, is a human pathogen could produce, es
00:10:44 - or Polonia, where in the lease. And also some plant pathogens like fusarium soi interestingly produce, is, producing urease as well. So some, microbes were very widespread, could find it all, all almost everywhere, like fpor. But, some of them just very dependent on like,
00:11:16 - Or like geos, we only found it, at Lincoln. No, not any other area. And we did some, experiment on there, later on pH. And, you know, some of the factors which are very important to use it on future for, some, experiments to, find a way to reduce soil activity in, New Zealand pastures.
00:11:50 - with, very different, like a diverse, Taxonomical group, like Oscar mic, COTA. We had the, like, do Doms Or Euros, lows and mce and lumio, the myta. We had Treme Loyce. And also For Zy myta, we
00:12:19 - Which, all of them should, es activity for bacteria. So, Gammaproteobacteria, beta bacteria, which, as I Said before, some of them were Very, very Strong Ess activity. And, They could show In, Em, in, in emmic Cota, I can't, mention some different,

Microbial Activity and Soil Type Variability

00:12:52 - Cladosporium Livia showed Very good activity. And, From, class Two CETs and Pomy penicillium, also from CETs and ce from Tio, mice showed A very, very good activity. And from Sidio myta, crypto Cocus Trichosporon, which I, as I said, is
00:13:21 - And Zi, micro Cota, we found ob, sidia, which is, Again, another, fungus And, For, bacteria. Also, as I said, cop, cop reduce, which is very, very, Strong, Activity has shown. And It's, It belongs to, Beto proto, bacteria,
00:13:54 - Depends on the Soil type. Like, some of them only could be found in ent, Area, Some microbes We had. And, some of them could be only in the Canterbury area. So, All depends on the location. And maybe some of, Them depends on the Also soil type as well, Depends on really To, soil type. So
00:14:28 - Es Producing Bacteria Or actinomyces from New Zealand. So, That's very interesting, Because, some, gram-positive Bacteria Have been reported That they produce UREs. Maybe they are not Pasture solar Residents. That's the reason we couldn't find them, In New Zealand. So some, gram-negative bacteria, including
00:15:00 - or Bo Bohor, and, were also not isolated from pasture. So, so means that they are likely, they are not, the soil in ha in habitat. So they are not, living in soil. other soil u is producing bacteria, including two capsule and Euro plasma, Euro co,
00:15:31 - have not been previously reported in New Zealand. So it means that, they are absent in New Zealand soil. That's the reason we couldn't find, they have been reported in other papers that they produce Es, but they are not in New Zealand soil, so we couldn't I, identify them. So, also, emer law was not found in New Zealand,

Microbial Impact on Urea Degradation in Soils

00:16:01 - previous study. And as we collected soil samples from pasture, no wonder we couldn't, detect them in soil. and I would say, again, as Es is an, as an enzyme that, is produced by soil es producing microbes.
00:16:31 - of these microbes could be very, very important. But, most of research, as I said, has been focused on ES activity, which is enzyme, which is released by these microbes, but not much work has been done on those microbes, and we try to identify them. Cultural s producing microorganisms isolated from New Zealand. Pasture soils belong to various
00:17:01 - and fungal species were predominant, where we didn't get, many bacterial isolates. So these microorganisms, which were found in New Zealand through throat New Zealand, are responsible for ure degradation, and then resulting in nitrogen loses from soil. so future work, what we are going to do to work on these microbes and see how we can somehow do something that,
00:17:36 - to improve plant nitrogen use efficiency following uria application. A number of genea, including por, pseudo and saraia were isolated from both north and south island in New Zealand, but some, including cords, hu Geomi, crypto Cocus
00:18:05 - were only found in South island. We couldn't found these microbes in north island. And, soil, collected, as I said, were the, in a range of age, between nine months to 60, years old. And most of, those pastures had a seal. Ilt Lo texture, fomo, was isolated from the youngest and old pasture in this study, suggesting
00:18:38 - and campes in soil also, for even long time. Some, macroorganisms, for example, fusarium, p**n, col, cladosporium, PASIs F and pseudomonas were found in different soil types, while some were in only one soil type. Keto, for example, was only in one kind of soil, or trichosporon, also, which is a human pathogen.

Microbial Insights for Improved Urea Application

00:19:09 - And that's good because it's human, pathogen. Also, the, proportion of soil bacteria, as I said, that time were thinking that culture, well is a small, maybe one to 10%. But recently, a paper reported that, culturable microorganisms are, majority of soil microbes. And this indicates that those microbes we have isolated
00:19:44 - And, we believe that, can give us an indication that which one are mostly involved, to, deree, to urea degradation on their pasture. So, so these isolates, can be used for further studies, as I said. And, the two studies, related to optimization of uria application based on microbial.
00:20:14 - nitrogen use efficiency in plants and.

Faculti AI can make mistakes

Faculti

Popular in Life Sciences

Plasticity and microevolution of diatoms

Analysis of rare coding variants reveals novel genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes

The Mouse Cortical Connectome Maintains Specificity by Distinct Connectivity Profiles

Neural control of three-dimensional gaze shifts

Quantifying nectar production by flowering plants in urban and rural landscapes

Morbillivirus cross-species infection: is there a risk for humans?

Direct Fit to Nature

Urease producing microorganisms under dairy pasture management in soils across New Zealand

Next in Biology

Guide

Platform and Category Pages

Contact Us

FAQs

What is Faculti?

How do you select interviews?

Interview Process

Page Structure

Popular in Life Sciences

Guide

Platform and Category Pages

Contact Us

FAQs

What is Faculti?

How do you select interviews?

Interview Process

Accessibility Options

Contrast Adjustment

Text Size Adjustment

Text Spacing Adjustment

Line Height Adjustment

Cursor Size Adjustment

Page Structure Options

Page Structure