The Government of India Act of 1935 was one of several constitutional beginnings dating back to the Queen’s Proclamation of 1858. The Proclamation focussed on the principles of liberty and equality, and a third principle, the fraternity of India’s religious communities under British tutelage and in the fulness of time. Faisal Devji discusses while fraternity remained the ideal of Indian political thought in all its variations into independence, liberty and equality came to constitute antagonistic principles in its constitutional history.

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Image courtesy of interviewee. February 20, 2023