The Discourse of Risk and Processes of Institutional Change

Key Question Being Explored in This Insight:

How has the dominant discourse of risk, through processes of institutional change and "risk translation," shaped the emergence of green chemistry and its goal of replacing hazardous substances with benign alternatives to mitigate risks to human health and the environment?

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Institution: University of Sydney

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How has the dominant discourse of risk, through processes of institutional change and “risk translation,” shaped the emergence of green chemistry and its goal of replacing hazardous substances with benign alternatives to mitigate risks to human health and the environment?

Image courtesy of interviewee. March 3, 2025

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This video discusses the concept of discourse and how it relates to the understanding of chemical risks and their management. It explains the traditional approaches to chemistry, the role of green chemists in changing practices, and the translation of chemical risks into organizational risks. The focus is on reducing and eliminating chemical hazards in products to address regulatory, reputational, and strategic risks. Green chemists work towards creating new molecules with equal functionality and efficacy but without harmful side effects. The ultimate goal is to improve human health and environmental safety by replacing hazardous substances with safer alternatives.

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Key Points of the video:

1. Discourse: The video discusses the concept of discourse as a collection of interrelated videos and practices that systematically form the objects they speak about.
2. Risk and Chemicals: It delves into the discourse of risk management related to chemicals, defining risk as the probability of adverse effects based on exposure to hazardous substances.
3. Green Chemistry Movement: The video explores how the green chemistry movement aims to deinstitutionalize traditional approaches to chemical development and management by emphasizing the reduction and elimination of intrinsic hazards.
4. Risk Translation: Two forms of risk translation - inversion and organizational risks - are identified, where chemists and organizations reinterpret chemical risks as regulatory, reputational, or strategic risks.
5. Impact on Business and Health: The video highlights how translating chemical risks into different forms of risks can drive actions to reduce the use of hazardous substances in products, thereby benefiting human health and the environment.

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Here are the key quotes from the video you :

1. "A discourse is defined as a collection of interrelated videos and practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak."
2. "The discourse of risk is constituted by a series of videos and practices that draw on each other in well-established ways."
3. "Risk is defined as the probability of an adverse effect of some magnitude, multiplied by the probability that that adverse effect will happen."
4. "In historically, the understanding of chemical function and chemical hazard has been undertaken by two different types of scientists."
5. "Green chemists aim to deinstitutionalize traditional approaches to the development and management of chemicals."
6. "Our study identifies two forms of risk translation, the first we label inversion, which is a rearrangement of key elements within a given category of risk."
7. "Classical functionalities of molecules."
8. "Organizations may or may not be particularly interested in chemical risks per se, but they are interested in risks to themselves."
9. "Chemists know and understand molecules in very different ways because they have committed to understanding undesirable chemical hazards along with desirable chemical functional features."
10. "There are two pathways to no risk. You can make limit exposure to zero, or you use molecules that have no hazard."

These quotes summarize the key points discussed in the video about discourse, risk, green chemistry, risk translation, and the understanding of chemical risks in different convideos.

X-TIMESTAMP-MAP=LOCAL:00:00:00.000,MPEGTS:90000

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I think first it's important to understand

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what is a discourse.

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And a discourse is, defined as a, a collection

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of interrelated texts

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and practices that systematically form the objects

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of which they speak.

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For example, if you think about, bisphenol A, which is,

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a molecule

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that has become controversial in the past 10 years,

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most people, know bisphenol A

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because they've read about it

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or they have listened to a podcast about it.

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Very few people know bisphenol A

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because they've materially, encountered it in some way.

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The discourse of risk is constituted by a series

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of texts and practices

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that draw on each other in well-established ways.

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You can think of, scientific articles,

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textbooks about risk management,

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guidelines for risk management.

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All of these texts produce risk in a very particular way.

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They emphasize realist assumptions, which privilege,

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scientific understandings, overlay understandings,

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and they, understand risk to be the probability

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of an adverse effect of some magnitude, multiplied

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by the probability that that adverse effect will happen.

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So in the case of chemicals, risk is defined as a function

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of the hazard, the intrinsic, toxicity of

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the molecule and exposure, which is analogous

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to the probability of occurrence,

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and is typically expressed in terms of, contact

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with a chemical, at some level of concentration.

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So, for example, the likelihood of cancer is higher

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from contact with the carcinogen

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that is present at a hundred parts per million as compared

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to the same carcinogen

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that is present at only one part per million

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In,

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within traditional chemistry.

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Uh, historically, the understanding of chemical function

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and chemical hazard has been undertaken

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by two different types of scientists.

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Chemists traditionally have been experts at understanding,

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chemical functionality, how to,

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make molecules that, for example, act as water repellents,

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how to make molecules that, serve, to coat the

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inside of a, of a frying pan to make it non-stick.

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They're very focused on functionality and efficacy.

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In contrast, other groups of scientists, toxicologists

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and ecot toxicologists, it's to them

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that has been the outsource, the task of understanding

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toxicity, toxicity, human with toxicologists

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and toxicity, to ecosystems with,

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with eco toxicologists, the green chemists

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and their allies have begun

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to deinstitutionalize traditional approaches

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to both the development of new chemicals

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and to the management of existing chemicals.

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And they have done so by mobilizing the discourse

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of risk in particular ways, ways that my co-author

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and I, label as risk translation.

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Our study identifies two forms of risk translation,

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the first we label inversion, which is a rearrangement

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of key elements within a given category of risk.

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The second is conversion.

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In this instance,

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chemical risks are converted into organizational risks.

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I'll begin with inversion.

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Uh, traditionally chemists have not,

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mastered the science of toxicology,

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and yet with the green chemistry movement, part

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of the green chemistry commitment, which is a pledge

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that university departments of chemistry, can take,

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and with,

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the green chemistry commitment comes a commitment

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to teaching undergraduate chemists the basics of toxicology.

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So, combining an understanding of chemistry

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with an understanding of toxicology, green chemistry

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is changing traditional practices in which,

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a chemicals hazard has been accepted as unchangeable.

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And, in order to reduce risk, regulators

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and other, businesses, other types

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of actors have targeted exposure.

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So with traditional approaches to chemistry

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and chemicals management, the, the target

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for action has been exposure.

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It has been more

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or less assumed that the economy cannot

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function without chemicals that are hazardous or toxic.

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With green chemistry, their mission is to,

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eliminate intrinsic hazard itself

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to bring new molecules, new chemistries,

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into the marketplace that achieve equivalent functionality,

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equivalent efficacy without undesirable side effects

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of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or endocrine disruption.

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Classical, dysfunctionalities of, molecules.

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The second, form of risk translation,

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it involves converting chemical risks into

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organizational risks.

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Organizations may

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or may not be particularly interested in chemical risks

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per se, but they are interested in risks to,

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to themselves.

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They're interested in regulatory risks,

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so a change in legislation that would impose costs,

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upon them reputational risk.

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So a risk that would dam that an event will damage the value

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of their brand, or strategic risk.

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A risk that the market,

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the demand in a marketplace is shifting away from products

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that are not considered clean or green.

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So what green chemists

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and their allies,

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are doing are making the case that, a chemical risk,

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is actually a regulatory risk to some organizations,

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a chemical risk, the, the risk posed

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by a chemical in a particular, consumer product,

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for example, should be acted upon as if it was

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a re reputational risk.

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The, organization should, eliminate

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the hazardous substance from, from the product

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and thereby, re not damage their brand

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and retain, a favorable standing in the marketplace.

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Chemists know

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and understand molecules in very different ways as compared

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to traditional chemists

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because they have committed to understanding undesirable

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chemical hazards along with desirable

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chemical functional features,

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IE the water repelling qualities,

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the anti-state coating qualities.

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They know the molecules

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that pose risks in very different ways

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because they've combined training in both chemistry

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and toxicology,

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and they've inverted the traditional emphasis on

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managing chemical risk by focusing on exposure

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and reducing exposure.

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With green chemistry, the focus is on reducing

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and eliminating hazard.

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So there are two pathways to no risk.

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You can, make limit exposure to zero,

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or you use molecules that have no hazard.

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Uh, business people

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who translate chemical risks into reputational regulatory

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or strategic risks.

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They also know

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and understand molecules in very different ways than

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business practitioners who have not translated those risks.

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They may not know

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or appreciate the technicalities of carcinogenicity

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or endocrine disruption,

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but they understand that they get regulatory risk,

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reputational risk, and strategic risk.

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And for many businesses, it is this translation

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of a chemical risk that the chem,

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the chemicals in their products might pose

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to humans in the environment, the translation of that risk

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into a risk to the organization itself.

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A regulatory risk, a risk to the reputation

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or a strategic risk.

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The risk at the marketplace may move away from

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toxic products.

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It is that translated risk that is driving their action

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to reduce the use of hazardous substances in their products.

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Replacing hazardous substances with less

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or non-hazardous chemicals is always good

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for human health in the environment.

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There are some nuances to this claim.

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However, for example, the use of toxic substances such

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as insecticides may deliver notable public health benefits

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or economic benefits such as the control of insects

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that spread disease, as with mosquitoes and a malaria,

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or the increase of yields of important food crops.

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In these situations, what is required is a substitute

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for the pesticide that is less hazardous,

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but of equal efficacy.

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In the short term, such a molecule may not exist,

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but it is the work in mission of green chemists

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to create new molecules that deliver equal functionality

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and efficacy without undesired dysfunctionalities,

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in other words, without unintended side effects of toxicity.

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So green chemists are guided by the truism

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that replacing hazardous substances with less

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or non-hazardous chemicals of equal functional efficacy

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is always good for human health and the environment.

Quick Answers

Understanding Discourse and Risk Management

00:00:00 - I think first it's important to understand what is a discourse. And a discourse is, defined as a, a collection of interrelated texts and practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak. For example, if you think about, bisphenol A, which is, a molecule that has become controversial in the past 10 years, most people, know bisphenol A because they've read about it or they have listened to a podcast about it.

00:00:34 - because they've materially, encountered it in some way. The discourse of risk is constituted by a series of texts and practices that draw on each other in well-established ways. You can think of, scientific articles, textbooks about risk management, guidelines for risk management. All of these texts produce risk in a very particular way.

00:01:08 - scientific understandings, overlay understandings, and they, understand risk to be the probability of an adverse effect of some magnitude, multiplied by the probability that that adverse effect will happen. So in the case of chemicals, risk is defined as a function of the hazard, the intrinsic, toxicity of the molecule and exposure, which is analogous

Understanding Chemical Risks and Hazard Analysis

00:01:39 - and is typically expressed in terms of, contact with a chemical, at some level of concentration. So, for example, the likelihood of cancer is higher from contact with the carcinogen that is present at a hundred parts per million as compared to the same carcinogen that is present at only one part per million In,

00:02:10 - historically, the understanding of chemical function and chemical hazard has been undertaken by two different types of scientists. Chemists traditionally have been experts at understanding, chemical functionality, how to, make molecules that, for example, act as water repellents, how to make molecules that, serve, to coat the

00:02:41 - They're very focused on functionality and efficacy. In contrast, other groups of scientists, toxicologists and ecot toxicologists, it's to them that has been the outsource, the task of understanding toxicity, toxicity, human with toxicologists and toxicity, to ecosystems with, with eco toxicologists, the green chemists

Transforming Chemical Risks into Organizational Risks

00:03:11 - to deinstitutionalize traditional approaches to both the development of new chemicals and to the management of existing chemicals. And they have done so by mobilizing the discourse of risk in particular ways, ways that my co-author and I, label as risk translation. Our study identifies two forms of risk translation, the first we label inversion, which is a rearrangement of key elements within a given category of risk.

00:03:44 - In this instance, chemical risks are converted into organizational risks. I'll begin with inversion. traditionally chemists have not, mastered the science of toxicology, and yet with the green chemistry movement, part of the green chemistry commitment, which is a pledge that university departments of chemistry, can take,

00:04:15 - the green chemistry commitment comes a commitment to teaching undergraduate chemists the basics of toxicology. So, combining an understanding of chemistry with an understanding of toxicology, green chemistry is changing traditional practices in which, a chemicals hazard has been accepted as unchangeable. And, in order to reduce risk, regulators

Transitioning to Green Chemistry: Eliminating Intrinsic Hazards and Translating Risks

00:04:49 - of actors have targeted exposure. So with traditional approaches to chemistry and chemicals management, the, the target for action has been exposure. It has been more or less assumed that the economy cannot function without chemicals that are hazardous or toxic. With green chemistry, their mission is to, eliminate intrinsic hazard itself

00:05:22 - into the marketplace that achieve equivalent functionality, equivalent efficacy without undesirable side effects of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or endocrine disruption. Classical, dysfunctionalities of, molecules. The second, form of risk translation,

00:05:55 - organizational risks. Organizations may or may not be particularly interested in chemical risks per se, but they are interested in risks to, to themselves. They're interested in regulatory risks, so a change in legislation that would impose costs, upon them reputational risk. So a risk that would dam that an event will damage the value

Green Chemists Transforming Chemical Risk

00:06:25 - A risk that the market, the demand in a marketplace is shifting away from products that are not considered clean or green. So what green chemists and their allies, are doing are making the case that, a chemical risk, is actually a regulatory risk to some organizations, a chemical risk, the, the risk posed

00:06:58 - for example, should be acted upon as if it was a re reputational risk. The, organization should, eliminate the hazardous substance from, from the product and thereby, re not damage their brand and retain, a favorable standing in the marketplace. Chemists know and understand molecules in very different ways as compared

00:07:27 - because they have committed to understanding undesirable chemical hazards along with desirable chemical functional features, IE the water repelling qualities, the anti-state coating qualities. They know the molecules that pose risks in very different ways because they've combined training in both chemistry and toxicology, and they've inverted the traditional emphasis on managing chemical risk by focusing on exposure

Green Chemistry: Translating Chemical Risks into Strategic Actions

00:07:58 - With green chemistry, the focus is on reducing and eliminating hazard. So there are two pathways to no risk. You can, make limit exposure to zero, or you use molecules that have no hazard. business people who translate chemical risks into reputational regulatory or strategic risks. They also know and understand molecules in very different ways than

00:08:33 - They may not know or appreciate the technicalities of carcinogenicity or endocrine disruption, but they understand that they get regulatory risk, reputational risk, and strategic risk. And for many businesses, it is this translation of a chemical risk that the chem, the chemicals in their products might pose to humans in the environment, the translation of that risk

00:09:06 - A regulatory risk, a risk to the reputation or a strategic risk. The risk at the marketplace may move away from toxic products. It is that translated risk that is driving their action to reduce the use of hazardous substances in their products. Replacing hazardous substances with less or non-hazardous chemicals is always good for human health in the environment. There are some nuances to this claim.

Balancing Public Health and Environmental Concerns in Pesticide Use

00:09:38 - as insecticides may deliver notable public health benefits or economic benefits such as the control of insects that spread disease, as with mosquitoes and a malaria, or the increase of yields of important food crops. In these situations, what is required is a substitute for the pesticide that is less hazardous, but of equal efficacy. In the short term, such a molecule may not exist,

00:10:32 - to create new molecules that deliver equal functionality and efficacy without undesired dysfunctionalities, in other words, without unintended side effects of toxicity. So green chemists are guided by the truism that replacing hazardous substances with less or non-hazardous chemicals of equal functional efficacy is always good for human health and the environment.

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