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Chimoa Abuba discusses the Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Curbing Insecurity in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region

Image courtesy of interviewee. May 2, 2024

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This video video is a detailed account of Nigeria's complex journey towards nationhood since its independence in 1960. It highlights the challenges faced by the nation, including a devastating civil war, prolonged military rule, and ongoing issues of corruption and poor governance. Despite having abundant natural resources and a large population, Nigeria struggles with economic mismanagement and dependency on oil revenue.

Particular attention is given to the Niger Delta region, which is rich in oil but has suffered from environmental degradation and neglect due to governmental focus on oil rather than citizen welfare. The plight of the Niger Delta people, exacerbated by pollution and political marginalization, led to activism spearheaded by environmentalist Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP). His efforts in the 1990s for environmental sustainability ultimately culminated in his execution, which escalated tensions and violence in the region, giving rise to the so-called "Niger Delta question," a significant concern regarding insecurity and local grievances against the government and multinational oil corporations. This video video underscores the struggles of the region and the broader implications for Nigeria's governance and social stability.

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Here are some articles that explore similar themes and issues raised in the video regarding Nigeria's journey towards nationhood, the challenges faced including military rule and corruption, and the specific struggles of the Niger Delta region:

1. **"The Legacy of Nigeria's Civil War: 50 Years On"** - This article delves into the impact of the Nigerian Civil War, its historical convideo, and how it continues to influence contemporary Nigerian politics and social dynamics.

2. **"Environmental Degradation and Social Justice in Nigeria's Niger Delta"** - An in-depth exploration of environmental issues in the Niger Delta, discussing the effects of oil extraction on local communities and ecosystems, as well as the social justice movements that have arisen in response.

3. **"Military Rule and Democracy in Nigeria"** - This piece examines the historical convideo of military rule in Nigeria, its effects on governance, and the ongoing struggle for democratic reforms in the country.

4. **"Corruption and Economic Development in Nigeria"** - An analysis of the pervasive corruption in Nigeria, its impact on economic growth, and the strategies being proposed to combat it while promoting sustainable development.

5. **"Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Fight for Environmental Rights in Nigeria"** - A biography of the prominent figure Ken Saro-Wiwa, detailing his activism and the repercussions of his fight for environmental justice in the Niger Delta.

6. **"Oil, Conflict, and the Struggle for Rights in the Niger Delta"** - This article investigates the relationship between oil wealth and conflict in the Niger Delta, highlighting the grievances of local communities and the role of activism in seeking accountability from the government and oil companies.

7. **"The Niger Delta Crisis: A Multinational Dilemma"** - A critical examination of the tensions in the Niger Delta, focusing on the role of multinational oil corporations and the interplay between local, national, and international interests.

8. **"Nigeria's Economic Challenges: Beyond Oil Dependency"** - An article that discusses Nigeria's economic structure, the pitfalls of relying heavily on oil revenue, and the need for diversification and sustainable development strategies.

These articles collectively cover various aspects of the challenges and issues that Nigeria faces, particularly in relation to its governance, environmental concerns, and socio-economic stability.

X-TIMESTAMP-MAP:LOCAL=00:00:00.000,MPEGTS=900000

00:00.035 --> 00:04.845
Nigeria, as we know, has been on a very long,

00:05.265 --> 00:06.725
I'd say, torturous journey

00:07.065 --> 00:09.125
to nation building like every other

00:09.125 --> 00:10.485
country in Africa, right?

00:10.545 --> 00:11.925
In post-colonial Africa.

00:12.465 --> 00:14.445
Um, since its independence,

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from Britain in October, 1960,

00:17.745 --> 00:20.445
and then that journey, I'd say a journey to nationhood.

00:20.705 --> 00:24.765
Um, you know, it's, it's, it's a contested word,

00:24.895 --> 00:28.085
nationhood, but I can use it in my context here.

00:28.705 --> 00:32.285
Um, that journey to nationhood for Nigeria has been tested,

00:32.825 --> 00:36.285
I'd say, and marred by first a beat, a civil war,

00:36.375 --> 00:40.765
which lasted 30 months, claiming over 3 million lives,

00:40.765 --> 00:42.165
especially those of children.

00:42.825 --> 00:46.205
And then there's, there was, this slew of military cos

00:46.205 --> 00:47.205
and counter cos,

00:47.665 --> 00:51.165
and then about three decades of, military rule, right?

00:51.865 --> 00:55.125
But then Nigeria came out of the war, for instance

00:55.225 --> 00:59.645
and bout of military regimes with some promises, I'd say.

01:00.185 --> 01:04.525
Um, and not so much of a bleak future for one, it has

01:05.105 --> 01:07.045
varied, natural resources.

01:07.185 --> 01:09.125
We are, you know, very familiar with that.

01:09.465 --> 01:12.125
It has a large and dynamic human population.

01:12.905 --> 01:16.165
It has about 960 kilometers of shorelines.

01:16.785 --> 01:20.605
Um, an estimated 120,000, square kilometers

01:20.605 --> 01:22.365
of rivers and lakes.

01:23.065 --> 01:27.325
It has vast arable lands in excess of 30.5 million square.

01:27.705 --> 01:30.485
Um, and then I think that was the ninth largest in the world

01:30.995 --> 01:32.725
with a variety of livestock

01:32.785 --> 01:35.285
and, you know, agro friendly climates.

01:35.825 --> 01:39.165
So it is also the most populous black nation in the world.

01:39.745 --> 01:43.125
And, it has crude oil, right? Um, the liquid gold.

01:44.025 --> 01:45.725
So Nigeria came out of that war

01:45.725 --> 01:48.205
that beat a civil war, beaten.

01:48.705 --> 01:51.045
Um, but I say not really battered

01:51.045 --> 01:54.485
because it just, it was 1967 to 70,

01:55.225 --> 01:59.805
and the early 1970s was, the era of the oil boom.

01:59.905 --> 02:04.125
And Nigeria benefited immensely from that, oil boom,

02:04.225 --> 02:06.925
you know, emerging from the situation in the Middle East

02:07.225 --> 02:10.405
and the oil embargo from Arab countries.

02:10.425 --> 02:12.765
And Nigeria became, a sought

02:12.765 --> 02:15.685
after, you know, market for global crude.

02:15.685 --> 02:18.925
And it has a sweet crude with low suffering content,

02:18.975 --> 02:22.885
which made it very, you know,

02:24.125 --> 02:27.605
a rare one that many, people wanted.

02:28.185 --> 02:30.725
The quality of its crude is of the high quality.

02:31.625 --> 02:34.405
Um, and so the 1970s came

02:34.545 --> 02:37.805
and as this prospect, you know, for that journey

02:37.825 --> 02:40.765
to nationhood, to resume after the beat, a civil war.

02:41.385 --> 02:42.645
But then,

02:43.155 --> 02:45.925
what is generally known about leadership in Nigeria?

02:46.635 --> 02:50.445
Lack of patriotism, lack of political accountability.

02:51.105 --> 02:53.405
Um, no proper fiscal planning.

02:54.065 --> 02:56.605
Um, poor inclusive economic policies,

02:57.185 --> 02:58.885
ethnic bigotry and rivalry

02:59.015 --> 03:01.005
Among its leaders, and its people too.

03:01.545 --> 03:02.685
Um, all of these

03:02.745 --> 03:06.525
and more plunge the country's fortunes way, way below.

03:06.705 --> 03:10.765
Um, expectations so that even with, the emergence

03:10.765 --> 03:13.285
of civilian rule from 1999, for instance,

03:13.545 --> 03:16.005
the situation has hardly improved.

03:16.925 --> 03:18.925
Official corruption, excess consumption,

03:19.065 --> 03:22.165
and limited production in use, has meant

03:22.165 --> 03:26.045
that Nigeria not only depends on its dwindling oil revenue,

03:26.785 --> 03:29.205
but on important, you know,

03:29.225 --> 03:30.925
and sometimes basic commodities,

03:31.175 --> 03:33.405
which are mostly imported, right?

03:34.025 --> 03:37.085
Um, and because of the vagaries of global oil prices

03:37.345 --> 03:39.605
and increased import duties, most

03:39.605 --> 03:41.685
of these commodities are way out of the reach

03:41.685 --> 03:43.485
of regular Nigerians, right?

03:43.515 --> 03:46.325
Most of whom live, be below the poverty line,

03:46.525 --> 03:49.525
a teaming population of over 250 million people.

03:50.225 --> 03:52.045
So look at this background,

03:53.235 --> 03:54.975
and then consider it

03:55.095 --> 03:56.815
for the people in the Nigel Delta region.

03:57.275 --> 04:00.855
Um, the people who are the focus of my research in this,

04:01.025 --> 04:05.535
paper here, the site of the country's huge oil deposits,

04:06.435 --> 04:07.935
the situation is even worse.

04:08.315 --> 04:09.535
Um, because several decades

04:09.635 --> 04:11.975
of authoritarian regimes has meant

04:11.975 --> 04:14.735
that civic spaces were increasingly blood.

04:15.315 --> 04:17.695
Um, economic mismanagement has also meant

04:17.695 --> 04:20.455
that the direct environmental impact,

04:20.475 --> 04:23.655
of oil exploration such as oil spills, air

04:23.675 --> 04:27.015
and water pollution, et cetera, were left unattended.

04:27.715 --> 04:30.575
Um, because government did not consider itself accountable

04:30.575 --> 04:31.695
to the people, right?

04:32.075 --> 04:34.815
It depended on oil and not on taxes.

04:35.155 --> 04:39.975
So it was not like, it needed to, cater

04:40.155 --> 04:43.855
to popular welfare or, you know, development projects.

04:44.315 --> 04:47.135
So from the early 1990s, the n Nigeria Delta,

04:47.135 --> 04:50.815
people began to voice their frustrations over these

04:51.125 --> 04:54.535
political marginalization, as some of them called it,

04:54.535 --> 04:58.015
environmental degradation, loss of local livelihoods.

04:58.285 --> 05:00.375
They were mo they're mostly, fishing

05:00.435 --> 05:01.655
and farming communities.

05:02.035 --> 05:05.695
And with oil spills devastating farmlands and waterways

05:05.695 --> 05:09.575
and creeks, they could not farm or fish, right?

05:09.955 --> 05:11.735
Um, and so it's a natural thing to do

05:11.755 --> 05:13.415
to cry out about these.

05:13.715 --> 05:16.855
And they also complained about political marginalization.

05:17.555 --> 05:21.135
Um, so what the community, you know,

05:21.135 --> 05:23.255
where they have this, they had, this,

05:24.545 --> 05:27.955
very successful environmental activists, Ken Sara, we wewa.

05:28.145 --> 05:30.675
They took the initiative through,

05:31.795 --> 05:35.715
a community-based advocacy organization called Mossop.

05:35.815 --> 05:38.475
Um, the movement for the survival of the gon people.

05:38.895 --> 05:39.955
So through Mossop,

05:40.455 --> 05:45.075
Ken Wewa led his people from the early 1990s, 19,

05:45.135 --> 05:49.595
91, and then the agitation, quote unquote,

05:49.595 --> 05:54.355
Richards Peak in 1993 when he led a third 3000 man match

05:54.465 --> 05:56.715
against some of these, issues.

05:57.505 --> 06:00.845
But then, Sara's demand for,

06:00.875 --> 06:02.645
environmental sustainability

06:03.345 --> 06:05.925
and, you know, protection of the environment.

06:05.945 --> 06:08.445
And his people fell on deaf ears.

06:08.785 --> 06:10.205
And at the end of the day, two years

06:10.205 --> 06:12.005
after that campaign, he was killed.

06:12.065 --> 06:16.405
He was, you know, communities were sacked

06:16.425 --> 06:18.765
by the military regime of Sannia Bcha.

06:19.065 --> 06:21.045
That's a global, thing.

06:21.165 --> 06:23.285
I mean, it's, general information out there,

06:23.305 --> 06:25.525
but it's the realities, the lived experience

06:25.525 --> 06:26.805
of people in the Nigel Delta.

06:27.265 --> 06:31.795
So from the 19, late 1990s, Nigel Delta,

06:32.015 --> 06:34.315
demand for environmental sustainability

06:34.975 --> 06:38.675
and, you know, populists oriented policies

06:38.675 --> 06:41.235
that will cater to community, needs

06:41.335 --> 06:46.155
and aspirations became, a lot more combative.

06:46.695 --> 06:50.555
Um, because Sarah Wewa wanted something of,

06:51.535 --> 06:56.015
you know, something that is not, is not armed conflict.

06:56.115 --> 07:00.895
Um, he wanted to, pursue this from a civil perspective

07:00.895 --> 07:02.855
because he was working with the government too.

07:02.875 --> 07:06.375
He was a public servant in river state, so he was not trying

07:06.375 --> 07:08.255
to tear down the states or the country.

07:08.315 --> 07:11.215
He was just asking for what was due his people.

07:11.355 --> 07:15.975
But with his death, his murder in 1995, the complaint

07:15.975 --> 07:20.655
and the Niger data became, more of a combative, physical

07:21.185 --> 07:24.255
armed confrontation with, you know, between the youth

07:24.395 --> 07:27.375
and the government and multinational oil co,

07:27.375 --> 07:29.815
corporations, in the area.

07:29.995 --> 07:31.335
And that's what led to,

07:31.475 --> 07:34.215
and that's what created, what we now know

07:34.235 --> 07:35.855
as the Nigel Delta question.

07:36.075 --> 07:39.815
Um, the Nigel Delta question became a general concern about

07:39.875 --> 07:43.255
how to approach increasing insecurity in the Nigel

07:43.255 --> 07:44.415
Delta region.

07:44.575 --> 07:46.655
I don't know if that answered, your question

07:47.075 --> 07:49.095
or maybe I went a little bit overboard.

Nigeria's Journey to Nationhood: Challenges and Change

00:00:00 - Nigeria, as we know, has been on a very long, I'd say, torturous journey to nation building like every other country in Africa, right? In post-colonial Africa. since its independence, from Britain in October, 1960, and then that journey, I'd say a journey to nationhood. you know, it's, it's, it's a contested word, nationhood, but I can use it in my context here. that journey to nationhood for Nigeria has been tested,
00:00:36 - which lasted 30 months, claiming over 3 million lives, especially those of children. And then there's, there was, this slew of military cos and counter cos, and then about three decades of, military rule, right? But then Nigeria came out of the war, for instance and bout of military regimes with some promises, I'd say. and not so much of a bleak future for one, it has
00:01:07 - We are, you know, very familiar with that. It has a large and dynamic human population. It has about 960 kilometers of shorelines. an estimated 120,000, square kilometers of rivers and lakes. It has vast arable lands in excess of 30.5 million square. and then I think that was the ninth largest in the world with a variety of livestock and, you know, agro friendly climates.
00:01:39 - And, it has crude oil, right? the liquid gold. So Nigeria came out of that war that beat a civil war, beaten. but I say not really battered because it just, it was 1967 to 70, and the early 1970s was, the era of the oil boom. And Nigeria benefited immensely from that, oil boom, you know, emerging from the situation in the Middle East
00:02:10 - And Nigeria became, a sought after, you know, market for global crude. And it has a sweet crude with low suffering content, which made it very, you know, a rare one that many, people wanted. The quality of its crude is of the high quality. and so the 1970s came and as this prospect, you know, for that journey
00:02:41 - But then, what is generally known about leadership in Nigeria? Lack of patriotism, lack of political accountability. no proper fiscal planning. poor inclusive economic policies, ethnic bigotry and rivalry Among its leaders, and its people too. all of these and more plunge the country's fortunes way, way below. expectations so that even with, the emergence

Niger Delta: Struggles of Oil and Poverty

00:03:13 - the situation has hardly improved. Official corruption, excess consumption, and limited production in use, has meant that Nigeria not only depends on its dwindling oil revenue, but on important, you know, and sometimes basic commodities, which are mostly imported, right? and because of the vagaries of global oil prices and increased import duties, most of these commodities are way out of the reach
00:03:43 - Most of whom live, be below the poverty line, a teaming population of over 250 million people. So look at this background, and then consider it for the people in the Nigel Delta region. the people who are the focus of my research in this, paper here, the site of the country's huge oil deposits, the situation is even worse. because several decades of authoritarian regimes has meant
00:04:15 - economic mismanagement has also meant that the direct environmental impact, of oil exploration such as oil spills, air and water pollution, et cetera, were left unattended. because government did not consider itself accountable to the people, right? It depended on oil and not on taxes. So it was not like, it needed to, cater to popular welfare or, you know, development projects.
00:04:47 - people began to voice their frustrations over these political marginalization, as some of them called it, environmental degradation, loss of local livelihoods. They were mo they're mostly, fishing and farming communities. And with oil spills devastating farmlands and waterways and creeks, they could not farm or fish, right? and so it's a natural thing to do to cry out about these. And they also complained about political marginalization.
00:05:21 - where they have this, they had, this, very successful environmental activists, Ken Sara, we wewa. They took the initiative through, a community-based advocacy organization called Mossop. the movement for the survival of the gon people. So through Mossop, Ken Wewa led his people from the early 1990s, 19, 91, and then the agitation, quote unquote,
00:05:54 - against some of these, issues. But then, Sara's demand for, environmental sustainability and, you know, protection of the environment. And his people fell on deaf ears. And at the end of the day, two years after that campaign, he was killed. He was, you know, communities were sacked by the military regime of Sannia Bcha. That's a global, thing.

Niger Delta: Struggles for Environmental Justice

00:06:23 - but it's the realities, the lived experience of people in the Nigel Delta. So from the 19, late 1990s, Nigel Delta, demand for environmental sustainability and, you know, populists oriented policies that will cater to community, needs and aspirations became, a lot more combative. because Sarah Wewa wanted something of,
00:06:56 - he wanted to, pursue this from a civil perspective because he was working with the government too. He was a public servant in river state, so he was not trying to tear down the states or the country. He was just asking for what was due his people. But with his death, his murder in 1995, the complaint and the Niger data became, more of a combative, physical armed confrontation with, you know, between the youth
00:07:47 - corporations, in the area. And that's what led to, and that's what created, what we now know as the Nigel Delta question. the Nigel Delta question became a general concern about how to approach increasing insecurity in the Nigel Delta region. I don't know if that answered, your question or maybe I went a little bit overboard.

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