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It is a troubling time to be an animal rights activist in Canada. Recently, Alberta adopted legislation to create harsh penalties for trespassing onto private property, Ontario has adopted similar legislation aimed specifically at agricultural property. Jodi Lazare evaluates the legislation in both provinces.

Image courtesy of interviewee. August 13, 2024

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This video is a transcription of a conversation focused on animal rights activism, animal law, and constitutional issues in Canada, particularly concerning "ag gag" laws. The speaker, Jody, discusses their academic background in animal law and family law, explaining their motivation to merge these fields. They highlight the rising attention to animal rights in Canada and the recently enacted ag gag laws, which restrict individuals from recording activities on industrial farms.

The conversation touches on the legal framework surrounding these laws, referencing the Oaks test from Canadian constitutional law, which assesses whether laws that limit constitutional freedoms are justifiable in a democratic society. Jody critiques the ag gag laws, arguing that they fail to serve legitimate objectives such as protecting mental health or biosecurity and do not rationally connect to their stated goals.

Furthermore, the speaker suggests that the enactment of ag gag laws has sparked discussions about animal treatment in agricultural settings, contributing to the discourse around animal rights. Jody concludes by advocating for the public's right to know about food production practices and hints at future work that may explore the implications of property law on animal rights and advocacy.

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Here are five key points from the video:

1. **Area of Expertise**: The speaker teaches about animal law, focusing on how legal frameworks impact the treatment of non-human animals, and has a background in family law. This unique combination led to a specialization in the intersection of family breakdown and animal rights, particularly concerning the ownership of companion animals.

2. **Rise of Animal Law**: There is an increasing interest in animal law in Canada, evidenced by growing scholarship and legislative activity. People are becoming more aware of animal rights issues, fueled by social media and public visibility into animal treatment, particularly in industrial farming convideos.

3. **Ag Gag Laws**: The speaker discusses the introduction of ag gag laws in Canada, which are influenced by similar laws in the U.S. These laws aim to prevent the documentation and reporting of conditions on animal farms, thereby limiting free speech and animal rights activism. The speaker expresses concerns over the implications of these laws for constitutional rights.

4. **Constitutional Implications**: The discussion includes constitutional law, particularly how courts evaluate the justifications for laws that limit constitutional freedoms. The speaker argues that the ag gag laws do not sufficiently justify limiting rights related to freedom of expression, which is crucial for advocating animal rights.

5. **Call for Transparency**: The speaker advocates for the public's right to information about animal treatment and agricultural practices, emphasizing that citizens should be informed about how their food is produced. They highlight the need to rethink property rights in the convideo of animal rights advocacy and discuss the ethical implications of laws protecting industrial agriculture.

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Here are key quotes extracted from the video:

1. **Combination of Interests:**
- "I found a way to combine my interests in family law and animal law."

2. **Impact of Animal Law:**
- "Animal law has kind of been on the rise in Canada... people are really starting to pay attention to animal rights, the role of animals in society, how we treat them."

3. **About Ag-Gag Laws:**
- "Ag Gag Laws... have the effect of preventing people from recording what happens on industrialized animal farms."

4. **Freedom of Expression:**
- "I have been doing that since I started teaching at Dazi in 2014... freedom of expression, the charter, that kind of thing."

5. **High Value Speech:**
- "It's high value speech... animals rights advocacy... the types of messages that are trying to be... conveyed through video."

6. **Effects of Law on Activism:**
- "There are other aspects to the law in Ontario and other jurisdictions... the activities of what's called the save movement."

7. **Proportionality and Objectives of Law:**
- "The test is... whether the way the law is written and functions is proportionate to those objectives."
- "I do not think the law is proportionate in its objectives."

8. **Purpose of Laws:**
- "I see the objective it is... to protect industrial agriculture."

9. **Rationale Against Activism:**
- "Activists are not interested in interacting with farmers... they only enter barns and spaces where animals are kept."

10. **Right to Know:**
- "I think that Canadians... have the right to know how their food is produced, what goes on... the kinds of activities that their tax dollars are being used to support."

11. **Theoretical Perspective:**
- "I'm taking a look at... what these laws mean from a... property law... position or perspective."

12. **Reconceiving Property:**
- "If we maybe reconceive of... the purpose and function of private property, we might come to a different conclusion about... farms and animal rights advocacy."

These quotes reflect the main themes discussed in the video, including animal rights, legal implications of ag-gag laws, the intersection of animal law with family law, and beliefs about freedom of expression and activism.

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I teach animals and the law, which is, you know,

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every, everything about how the law, interacts with

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or impacts, the treatment of, non-human animals.

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Um, I also have a background in family law.

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Um, my doctorate was in family law.

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Um, and, the way I sort

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of came to this was

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because I found a way to combine my interests in family law

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and animal law.

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Um, I started, I don't know, a few years ago with,

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a paper about animals in the family

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and companion animals in the context of family breakdown.

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You know, who gets the dog right?

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Um, or cat or what have you.

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Um, and,

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animal law has kind of been on the rise in Canada,

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both with respect to sort of scholarship

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and academic inquiry,

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and also at the, at the legislature in parliament,

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and provincial legislatures.

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I think just because people are really starting

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to pay attention to animal rights, the role

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of animals in society, how we treat them, that kind

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of thing, you know, in the, world of social media

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and, you know, video on our phones, people are starting

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to see more than they ever have before.

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And, one of those legislative developments involved.

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Um, so-called, ag Gag Laws,

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which are an import from the us, which are

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laws, agricultural gag laws, let's say, which,

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in, in outcome, they all do this different ways,

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have the effect of preventing people from recording

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what happens on industrialized animal farms.

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Um, I also teach, constitutional law.

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I have been doing that since I started teaching at

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Dazi in 2014.

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So I'm quite well versed in, you know, freedom

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of expression, the charter, that kind of thing.

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Um, so for me, having already,

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started to do some writing in the animal law space

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with my background in constitutional law

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and with these laws,

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being adopted in different Canadian jurisdictions,

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it just seemed like a, you know, the ideal opportunity

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for me to kind of dive in.

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So I did, a short application, a, an application

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for government funding, to do this work

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that was successful

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and, set out to write these papers

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because this, kind of law was

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so new in Canada when it first started,

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being talked about in about 2019.

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Um, there was no literature on,

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the constitutional dimension of animal rights advocacy.

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Uh,

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And I, I wanna say no literature at all in the,

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legal space about animal rights,

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advocacy, freedom of expression.

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There was some writing, there is some writing about,

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the laws as they affect animals and animal rights

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and, personhood

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and, sort of legal status of animals.

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But there was very little, if any,

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in Canada on the constitutional dimensions

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of animal rights advocacy.

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Um, however,

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because these laws were an import from the states,

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there is an abundance of literature, there,

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on, free speech and the First amendment

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and, ag gag laws

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and how they have been, struck down in,

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a number of US jurisdictions

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because of their impact on free speech.

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And because of the idea that,

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animal rights advocacy

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and the types of messages that are trying to be,

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conveyed through video,

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undercover investigations, employee whistleblower activism,

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that kind of thing, trespass,

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farm occupations, all that information, is

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accepted that it's high value speech.

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Uh, so in the us, you know,

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that combination of factors, the fact

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that it's high value speech, the fact that, you know,

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free speech is paramount in the US governments cannot,

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you know, not in the same way justify limits.

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Um, they do, there are different tests,

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but, as in Canada, there,

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there was a lot to draw on from the us.

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The first, law that was adopted, was in Alberta,

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which is not insignificant

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because Alberta is farm country.

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Um, there's a lot, you know, Alberta beef is well known,

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and it's, a sort of more,

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farm rural based economy than others.

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Although I don't wanna undermine the importance of farming

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and agriculture in other places like

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Ontario and even the Maritimes.

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But Alberta is well known for, for that kind of stuff.

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Um, and the law that was,

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adopted in Alberta actually went beyond, farms.

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It was like a critical infrastructure act that basically

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prohibited, trespass

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by making a lie.

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Um, by, it's not criminalizing 'cause criminal law is

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Federal, but by quasi criminalizing, telling a lie

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to gain entry to certain types of private property,

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not limited to farms,

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which in a way was useful in, kind

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of analyzing these laws

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because it would also apply to daycares,

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assisted living facilities, prisons, you know, the types

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of places that we would want to know,

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what's going on inside of them.

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So that was a legislative background in Alberta.

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And, and why that happened, was

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because of the things I mentioned earlier about, more

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and more animal rights activism.

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Um, more people gaining entry onto farms, whether

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legally or illegally more,

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whistleblowers more undercover investigations

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and more people seeing the reality of industrial farming,

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which, is not pretty, Ontario,

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similar, similar in Ontario.

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Um, I, I, I will be honest that these are

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of course driven by conservative governments whose,

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constituencies are formed, you know, in substantial part

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of, rural voters, farmers.

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Uh, and there was a drive on behalf of

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those groups to, do something about

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the increasing levels of activism on farms.

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The Supreme Court of Canada came up

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with a test in a case called RV Oaks,

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a criminal law case about, the criminalization

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of certain forms of narcotics,

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and, set out the factors that governments need to

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demonstrate in order to prove that a, a law

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that limits constitutional freedoms is in fact,

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justifiable in a freeing democratic society.

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And that includes, the objectives of the law

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and, whether, the,

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the way the law is written

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and functions is proportionate to those objectives.

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So basically, a proportionality

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or cost benefit analysis about, the impact

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of limiting certain freedoms versus the, collective,

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the pursuit of the collective good.

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And the, types of things that impact the rigor

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with which a court will, measure

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or evaluate those laws,

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or the standard to which they'll hold the government in

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justifying them is the importance of the speech,

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being protected.

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So, for example, when governments limit commercial speech,

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like, advertising against children un

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advertising toward children, under the age of 13,

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let's say, the test is,

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easier to meet.

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Um, commercial speech is,

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while there's value in commercial speech

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for informational purposes, is not the same as,

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the kind of speech at stake here, in my view.

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Um, and in the view of courts in other jurisdictions,

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which really gets to the heart of people's fundamental

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values and beliefs

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and informs, political discourse,

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the way people vote, the way people eat,

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the way people shop, the way they feed their children.

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Um, so the impacts of the law would go toward the rigor

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with which it would be evaluated in court, as well as

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of course, the, objectives.

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You know, who was the law trying to protect?

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Are they a vulnerable group, et cetera, et cetera.

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Today, the state of the law out of the courts in Canada

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is based on one trial decision in Ontario,

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which the government will appeal, is that certain parts

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of Ontario's ag gag laws,

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are not, rationally connected,

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or at least not minimally impairing with respect

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to their objective.

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Um, a few months ago, the Ontario

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Superior Court, which is our trial level court

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that would deal with constitutional questions,

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invalidated the, regulation

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or provision of Ontario's law that,

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deems, entry under false

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pretenses a trespass.

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So, according to one judge in Ontario,

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there is a problem at the level of minimal impairment.

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There are other aspects to the law in Ontario

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and other jurisdictions as well.

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Um, part of the, impetus

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to adopt these laws was not just, trespass onto farms,

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but the activities of what's called the save movement.

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And similar groups who, basically protest

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and advocate outside of slaughterhouses,

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and,

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stand alongside trucks,

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bringing animals into slaughterhouses

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and in some cases give the animals water, hand out leaflets,

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talk to the animals, that kind of thing.

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Um, so that aspect of the law was not,

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was not, invalidated,

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although, it will be, you know,

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the case is being appealed by the government,

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and I'm sure the arguments will beheard again.

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Um, I don't think, of course, I don't think

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that the, limits are rationally connected

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to their objective, and that's

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because based on the debates and the information

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and the background and everything that I have read,

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and I have been through the Ontario legislative debates

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with a fine tooth comb, these laws

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are not what they claim to be.

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The government claims that they are about, well,

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about protecting farm safety

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to a certain degree about protecting the mental health

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of farmers and their families, sure,

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but also about biosecurity

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that preventing people from going on to farms, illegally

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trespassing, deemed trespass, what have you,

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has a bios would create a biosecurity threat

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of disease on farms.

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But if you look at the evidence

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and, the organization, animal justice

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and, has read all the data, based on,

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CFIA investigations

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and reports, which is the Canadian Food, inspection Act,

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agency, there is no

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evidence of a undercover investigator, a journalist,

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a protestor, an activist,

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creating a biosecurity hazard on a farm.

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Biosecurity standards,

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apply to or biosecurity risks typically

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come from workers, vets, other animals,

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wild animals, and,

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not from activists.

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If this law was really about protecting biosecurity,

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it would actually create biosecurity measures,

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which it does not.

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An employee or an undercover investigator who goes

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to work on a farm in order to film the

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violence against animals on industrial farms is going

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to follow all biosecurity protocols.

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So I don't think there is a rational connection,

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the positive impacts of the law,

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or its expected positive, expected positive impacts

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versus its impact on, so-called charter values.

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Um, whether the law leaves people a meaningful choice,

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for example, not surprisingly,

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I do not think the law is proportionate in its objectives,

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and or in its effects, mostly

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because,

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as I see the objective it is,

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to protect industrial agriculture.

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And, I'm really not convinced based on our

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constitutional, jurisprudence that the protection of,

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a business

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or an industry is a constitutionally valid objective.

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Um, if we accept that it's about the protection

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of the mental health of farmers and their families

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and their safety, there is no evidence of,

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a threat to a person on the part of activists.

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Activists are not interested in interacting with farmers.

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They don't go near their homes.

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They only, enter barns

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and spaces where animals are kept.

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If we accept the, biosecurity

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objective, again, there is no evidence

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that the laws would be, effective at doing that.

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Whereas there is lots of evidence,

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maybe in a different form of the impacts

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of limiting this kind of speech on people

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who find real meaning

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and value in advocating on behalf of farmed animals.

15:47.025 --> 15:51.245
Um, this law leaves people with no meaningful choice between

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carrying out, the activities that,

15:57.265 --> 15:59.725
enable them to, you know, experience meaning

15:59.745 --> 16:01.885
and human flourishing, which is part of the test for freedom

16:01.885 --> 16:06.365
of expression, and being arrested, or fined.

16:06.905 --> 16:08.325
Uh, so no, I don't think

16:08.325 --> 16:09.685
that these laws are proportionate in their

16:09.685 --> 16:11.205
objectives or in their effects.

16:11.605 --> 16:15.655
I think, you know, in some way, the adoption of these laws,

16:16.385 --> 16:19.815
while I don't support them, has opened up a discussion.

16:20.555 --> 16:25.015
Um, this stuff is now, on the legislative record,

16:25.435 --> 16:27.255
people are talking about the ways

16:27.255 --> 16:29.175
that animals are treated on farms.

16:29.795 --> 16:32.175
If you read the, decision

16:32.235 --> 16:35.735
by the Superior Court in Ontario, it talks about the types

16:35.755 --> 16:39.655
of things that are done to, animals on farms, you know,

16:39.655 --> 16:43.135
without their consent that cause intense suffering like,

16:43.335 --> 16:45.895
cropping tails with no anesthetic

16:46.075 --> 16:49.655
or so-called piglet thumping, which, I will leave you to

16:50.225 --> 16:51.375
think about what that is,

16:51.435 --> 16:55.255
but is an accepted form of so-called euthanasia,

16:55.395 --> 16:56.815
for a diseased piglet.

16:57.275 --> 17:01.195
Um, so, you know, in that respect,

17:02.285 --> 17:06.155
maybe there's some value in opening these discussions.

17:07.005 --> 17:10.745
Um, do I think that these laws should exist? Of course not.

17:10.945 --> 17:12.065
I think that Canadians

17:12.065 --> 17:13.465
and everyone has the right to know

17:13.765 --> 17:18.105
how their food is produced, what goes on, ha the kinds

17:18.105 --> 17:20.865
of activities that their tax dollars are being used

17:21.005 --> 17:25.385
to support because, agriculture gets, you know, massive

17:26.055 --> 17:28.865
subsidies in all kinds of different forms, tax exemptions,

17:29.045 --> 17:31.265
et cetera, and actual subsidies.

17:31.685 --> 17:35.725
Um, so, no, I think people deserve to

17:36.275 --> 17:37.525
have a right to information

17:37.705 --> 17:42.605
and a right to make informed choices, going forward.

17:43.225 --> 17:45.765
Um, my work is

17:46.885 --> 17:50.215
a little more, let's say, theoretical.

17:50.795 --> 17:55.755
Uh, I'm taking a look at, what these

17:56.545 --> 18:01.235
laws mean from a, property law,

18:01.695 --> 18:04.715
position or perspective,

18:05.495 --> 18:09.755
and the idea that if we maybe reconceive

18:10.495 --> 18:12.075
of, the purpose

18:12.455 --> 18:15.515
and function of private property, we might come

18:15.515 --> 18:19.355
to a different conclusion about, farms

18:19.655 --> 18:24.035
and, trespass and animal rights advocacy.

18:24.935 --> 18:28.755
Um, open rescue where people go onto farms and,

18:29.055 --> 18:32.275
and, try to rescue suffering animals

18:32.295 --> 18:33.995
who have no economic value to the farmers.

18:34.895 --> 18:38.275
Um, and whether imprisoning people

18:38.935 --> 18:43.155
for trespass on private property, given the

18:43.985 --> 18:48.115
role and purpose of that property is really the direction

18:48.115 --> 18:48.835
that we want to be going in.

"Intersecting Interests: The Evolution of Animal Law and Advocacy in Canada"

00:00:00 - I teach animals and the law, which is, you know, every, everything about how the law, interacts with or impacts, the treatment of, non-human animals. I also have a background in family law. my doctorate was in family law. and, the way I sort of came to this was because I found a way to combine my interests in family law and animal law. I started, I don't know, a few years ago with, a paper about animals in the family and companion animals in the context of family breakdown.
00:00:44 - or cat or what have you. and, animal law has kind of been on the rise in Canada, both with respect to sort of scholarship and academic inquiry, and also at the, at the legislature in parliament, and provincial legislatures. I think just because people are really starting to pay attention to animal rights, the role of animals in society, how we treat them, that kind of thing, you know, in the, world of social media and, you know, video on our phones, people are starting to see more than they ever have before.
00:01:27 - so-called, ag Gag Laws, which are an import from the us, which are laws, agricultural gag laws, let's say, which, in, in outcome, they all do this different ways, have the effect of preventing people from recording what happens on industrialized animal farms. I also teach, constitutional law. I have been doing that since I started teaching at Dazi in 2014.
00:02:07 - of expression, the charter, that kind of thing. so for me, having already, started to do some writing in the animal law space with my background in constitutional law and with these laws, being adopted in different Canadian jurisdictions, it just seemed like a, you know, the ideal opportunity for me to kind of dive in. So I did, a short application, a, an application for government funding, to do this work that was successful and, set out to write these papers because this, kind of law was
00:02:47 - being talked about in about 2019. there was no literature on, the constitutional dimension of animal rights advocacy. And I, I wanna say no literature at all in the, legal space about animal rights, advocacy, freedom of expression. There was some writing, there is some writing about, the laws as they affect animals and animal rights and, personhood and, sort of legal status of animals.
00:03:29 - in Canada on the constitutional dimensions of animal rights advocacy. however, because these laws were an import from the states, there is an abundance of literature, there, on, free speech and the First amendment and, ag gag laws and how they have been, struck down in, a number of US jurisdictions because of their impact on free speech. And because of the idea that,

Title: "The Intersection of Free Speech and Animal Rights: Legislative Responses and Judicial Standards in Canada"

00:04:09 - and the types of messages that are trying to be, conveyed through video, undercover investigations, employee whistleblower activism, that kind of thing, trespass, farm occupations, all that information, is accepted that it's high value speech. so in the us, you know, that combination of factors, the fact that it's high value speech, the fact that, you know, free speech is paramount in the US governments cannot, you know, not in the same way justify limits. they do, there are different tests,
00:04:52 - there was a lot to draw on from the us. The first, law that was adopted, was in Alberta, which is not insignificant because Alberta is farm country. there's a lot, you know, Alberta beef is well known, and it's, a sort of more, farm rural based economy than others. Although I don't wanna undermine the importance of farming and agriculture in other places like Ontario and even the Maritimes. But Alberta is well known for, for that kind of stuff.
00:05:34 - adopted in Alberta actually went beyond, farms. It was like a critical infrastructure act that basically prohibited, trespass by making a lie. by, it's not criminalizing 'cause criminal law is Federal, but by quasi criminalizing, telling a lie to gain entry to certain types of private property, not limited to farms,
00:06:14 - of analyzing these laws because it would also apply to daycares, assisted living facilities, prisons, you know, the types of places that we would want to know, what's going on inside of them. So that was a legislative background in Alberta. And, and why that happened, was because of the things I mentioned earlier about, more and more animal rights activism. more people gaining entry onto farms, whether legally or illegally more,
00:06:55 - and more people seeing the reality of industrial farming, which, is not pretty, Ontario, similar, similar in Ontario. I, I, I will be honest that these are of course driven by conservative governments whose, constituencies are formed, you know, in substantial part of, rural voters, farmers. and there was a drive on behalf of
00:07:37 - the increasing levels of activism on farms. The Supreme Court of Canada came up with a test in a case called RV Oaks, a criminal law case about, the criminalization of certain forms of narcotics, and, set out the factors that governments need to demonstrate in order to prove that a, a law that limits constitutional freedoms is in fact, justifiable in a freeing democratic society. And that includes, the objectives of the law and, whether, the,

"Evaluating the Proportionality of Ag-Gag Laws: Judicial Perspectives on Freedom of Expression and Animal Rights"

00:08:16 - and functions is proportionate to those objectives. So basically, a proportionality or cost benefit analysis about, the impact of limiting certain freedoms versus the, collective, the pursuit of the collective good. And the, types of things that impact the rigor with which a court will, measure or evaluate those laws, or the standard to which they'll hold the government in justifying them is the importance of the speech, being protected. So, for example, when governments limit commercial speech,
00:08:59 - advertising toward children, under the age of 13, let's say, the test is, easier to meet. commercial speech is, while there's value in commercial speech for informational purposes, is not the same as, the kind of speech at stake here, in my view. and in the view of courts in other jurisdictions, which really gets to the heart of people's fundamental values and beliefs and informs, political discourse,
00:09:40 - the way people shop, the way they feed their children. so the impacts of the law would go toward the rigor with which it would be evaluated in court, as well as of course, the, objectives. You know, who was the law trying to protect? Are they a vulnerable group, et cetera, et cetera. Today, the state of the law out of the courts in Canada is based on one trial decision in Ontario, which the government will appeal, is that certain parts of Ontario's ag gag laws, are not, rationally connected,
00:10:22 - to their objective. a few months ago, the Ontario Superior Court, which is our trial level court that would deal with constitutional questions, invalidated the, regulation or provision of Ontario's law that, deems, entry under false pretenses a trespass. So, according to one judge in Ontario, there is a problem at the level of minimal impairment.
00:11:03 - and other jurisdictions as well. part of the, impetus to adopt these laws was not just, trespass onto farms, but the activities of what's called the save movement. And similar groups who, basically protest and advocate outside of slaughterhouses, and, stand alongside trucks, bringing animals into slaughterhouses and in some cases give the animals water, hand out leaflets, talk to the animals, that kind of thing.
00:11:48 - was not, invalidated, although, it will be, you know, the case is being appealed by the government, and I'm sure the arguments will beheard again. I don't think, of course, I don't think that the, limits are rationally connected to their objective, and that's because based on the debates and the information and the background and everything that I have read, and I have been through the Ontario legislative debates with a fine tooth comb, these laws are not what they claim to be. The government claims that they are about, well,

"Examining the Misalignment of Biosecurity Laws and Animal Rights Advocacy"

00:12:26 - to a certain degree about protecting the mental health of farmers and their families, sure, but also about biosecurity that preventing people from going on to farms, illegally trespassing, deemed trespass, what have you, has a bios would create a biosecurity threat of disease on farms. But if you look at the evidence and, the organization, animal justice and, has read all the data, based on, CFIA investigations and reports, which is the Canadian Food, inspection Act, agency, there is no
00:13:10 - a protestor, an activist, creating a biosecurity hazard on a farm. Biosecurity standards, apply to or biosecurity risks typically come from workers, vets, other animals, wild animals, and, not from activists. If this law was really about protecting biosecurity, it would actually create biosecurity measures, which it does not.
00:13:49 - to work on a farm in order to film the violence against animals on industrial farms is going to follow all biosecurity protocols. So I don't think there is a rational connection, the positive impacts of the law, or its expected positive, expected positive impacts versus its impact on, so-called charter values. whether the law leaves people a meaningful choice, for example, not surprisingly, I do not think the law is proportionate in its objectives, and or in its effects, mostly
00:14:31 - as I see the objective it is, to protect industrial agriculture. And, I'm really not convinced based on our constitutional, jurisprudence that the protection of, a business or an industry is a constitutionally valid objective. if we accept that it's about the protection of the mental health of farmers and their families and their safety, there is no evidence of, a threat to a person on the part of activists. Activists are not interested in interacting with farmers.
00:15:12 - They only, enter barns and spaces where animals are kept. If we accept the, biosecurity objective, again, there is no evidence that the laws would be, effective at doing that. Whereas there is lots of evidence, maybe in a different form of the impacts of limiting this kind of speech on people who find real meaning and value in advocating on behalf of farmed animals. this law leaves people with no meaningful choice between
00:15:57 - enable them to, you know, experience meaning and human flourishing, which is part of the test for freedom of expression, and being arrested, or fined. so no, I don't think that these laws are proportionate in their objectives or in their effects. I think, you know, in some way, the adoption of these laws, while I don't support them, has opened up a discussion. this stuff is now, on the legislative record, people are talking about the ways that animals are treated on farms. If you read the, decision by the Superior Court in Ontario, it talks about the types

"Animal Rights and the Ethical Imperative for Transparency in Agriculture"

00:16:39 - without their consent that cause intense suffering like, cropping tails with no anesthetic or so-called piglet thumping, which, I will leave you to think about what that is, but is an accepted form of so-called euthanasia, for a diseased piglet. so, you know, in that respect, maybe there's some value in opening these discussions. do I think that these laws should exist? Of course not. I think that Canadians and everyone has the right to know how their food is produced, what goes on, ha the kinds
00:17:21 - to support because, agriculture gets, you know, massive subsidies in all kinds of different forms, tax exemptions, et cetera, and actual subsidies. so, no, I think people deserve to have a right to information and a right to make informed choices, going forward. my work is a little more, let's say, theoretical. I'm taking a look at, what these laws mean from a, property law,
00:18:05 - and the idea that if we maybe reconceive of, the purpose and function of private property, we might come to a different conclusion about, farms and, trespass and animal rights advocacy. open rescue where people go onto farms and, and, try to rescue suffering animals who have no economic value to the farmers. and whether imprisoning people for trespass on private property, given the
00:18:48 - that we want to be going in.

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