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Architectures for Enterprise Integration

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Peter Bernus discusses the Architectures for Enterprise Integration, which offers the latest approaches for guiding organizations, consultants, managers, and technical staff through the enterprise development life cycle.

Image courtesy of interviewee. January 17, 2024

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This video video outlines the evolution and significance of computer-integrated manufacturing systems, tracing the motivation behind their development back to the 1970s. It discusses the global push to incorporate computers in manufacturing processes through techniques such as numerical control and computer-aided design. The speaker shares personal experiences from working on a complex manufacturing system in Hungary, emphasizing the challenges faced due to overwhelming complexity and costs.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a collaborative effort occurred among experts to develop a methodology for creating flexible manufacturing systems, leading to the establishment of reference architectures that guide the design and implementation of such systems. A key milestone was the publication of a book titled "Architectures for Enterprise Integration," which synthesized various proposals and methodologies.

The speaker reflects on the lack of communication between systems engineering and manufacturing control communities despite overlapping interests. Eventually, efforts to bridge this gap resulted in a generalization of architectures and the establishment of international standards.

This video video also emphasizes the importance of integrating human elements within these systems and adapting methodologies to account for the interplay between humans and automation. Moreover, it hints at the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and their implications for the future of complex system architecture. Overall, it underscores the long-standing history and ongoing evolution of architecting systems in manufacturing and other sectors.

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The motivation is something that goes back to the middle

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of 1970s where,

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around the world there was this idea that we have to,

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use computers for, manufacturing,

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which include, numeric headache controlled machines

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that, actually cut the metal

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computerated design and so on.

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And, various parts of the world, including,

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US Air Force, program,

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the integrated computer, in manufacturing program,

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and several programs in Europe, have started

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to build this exceedingly complex systems.

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The way I got into this is,

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I was at the time in Hungary in a

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very good research r

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and d institute, which had 700 engineers,

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control engineers, software engineers, plus

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support personnel, very well funded.

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And we were designing a,

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computer integrated manufacturing system

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for a machine tool factory.

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About 110 people worked for five years.

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And, even though that was, you know,

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behind the Iron curtain,

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the engineers were watching each other,

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what is it that they were doing?

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And so, from, from,

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the Office of Air Force Researcher,

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which was actually at the UK at the time, award

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came several times to visit.

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We went to visit as well, us

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because engineers talked to the engineers,

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how do we solve this problem?

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And, when I was recruited as a relatively young,

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young researcher, they were asking me, come

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and work for us, come and work for us,

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because I had worked for them for a few years before.

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And I said, what is your most difficult problem?

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And it is, well, we have a project, 110 engineers

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working on this exceedingly complex system.

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Give us a methodology how to do that,

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because the complexity was just overwhelming.

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And so during the past five years,

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I was heading a system engineer group,

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and we developed a methodology system was implemented

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and so on, but it was too expensive.

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It was too expensive.

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Uh, in the us they were using it for, aircraft being,

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production we

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Were using for product producing other types of parts.

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So how would it be possible to make it more affordable?

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The technology is fantastic, but it's just not affordable.

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The return investment is just negative.

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And of course, many people

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around the world are working on this, including Germany,

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including France, including the us.

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And, by that time, my group developed a method how

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to develop a reference model, if you wish, for

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a class of flexible manufacturing systems so

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that it can be implemented in a reasonable,

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at a reasonable expense.

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So, Jim Nvi, who at that time

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was the deputy director of the Charles Child, Dr.

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Laboratory in, I don't know,

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Draper lab is a part or not part is independent at MRT.

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Um, but he raised the question,

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how would it be possible to bring together all the experts

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who work in this area from around the world?

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Jim was by the way, the, one of the main designers

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of the Apollo guidance systems.

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Uh, so he was a very, engineer,

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but he said, well bring the manufacturing control people

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and the, and the IT or computer science people together.

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What is it that we know how to create such complex systems?

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And so I was one of those experts invited,

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and there were others as well,

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many others as a matter of fact.

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Uh, and we started to review what is it

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that the different companies say how to create such systems?

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And as a result in the first, that was around 1990,

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as a result, we started to categorize what is it

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that people say, how to build this?

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And there were two types of proposals.

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One type, this is the structure

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of a manufacturing system,

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and including its control system.

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Well, that's fantastic.

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It gives you a pattern, but it doesn't give you a

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methodology how to do this.

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And so the type two, so-called reference architectures

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should be those which actually tell you how

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to get from the idea idea ideation,

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that you want a flexible manufacturing system

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to actually design, architecting, designing,

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implementing, operating it.

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That's another type

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of reference architecture relative to the ones

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That just said, this is how this should look like.

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And so this task force started to review

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these various architecture proposals.

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And the outcome of that was the book that we published

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called Architectures for Enterprise Integration

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is not for the faint hat.

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It is more like a monograph.

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Um, it is not a, not for teaching purposes.

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It's a monograph that documents the thinking

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of the task force and how to go ahead.

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One of the, at the time they made, the task force

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ifi, international Federation of Information Processing

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and iact, international Federation of Automatic Control.

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These two organizations came together

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and created this task force with many members.

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Um, most of them were from industry,

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but some of them for from academia

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or something in between an r and d institute.

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You can argue whether it's academia or not.

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And when we did this review

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before publishing the book that you were referring to, Fran

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was, you know, one of the people

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who said in the task force, so how it possible to generalize

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what people who are in this area of architecture, how

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to create flexible manufacturing systems.

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And the chairman of the task force was, Ted Williams,

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the chair of the Purview Consortium,

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which was originally created by Axon,

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but populated by many large engineering companies

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and, and control system vendors and so on.

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And I said, you know, I was relatively young

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researcher in my forties.

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Uh, I put up my head, actually, I know how

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to generalize all of this.

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They said there said, do it.

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So I did it with a colleague of mine

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and published, I think it's 1994, an article

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how to generalize This architecture Approaches,

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which give you a methodology for very large complex systems.

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And, the book that you're referring to,

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it took quite some time to actually publish, you know,

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it takes almost two years from the time you have the idea

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to actually publish a book about it.

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And then when this was presented, they said, Ari,

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now you are the chair of the task force.

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Because one person from the National Institute of Standards,

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techn in Burg said, dear,

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we have been going around in circle in ISO International

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Organization Standards Organization

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to actually develop such a thing.

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It would be possible to fast track

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as an international standards.

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And within six years, we fast tracked

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and became an international standard in the year 2000.

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The problem is that by that time

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and many others including the us, the, department

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of Defense developed an architecture framework

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called Dodo, which was,

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which had a similar intent.

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The British, of course, they improved it.

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They called modd and Canadians called it donoff.

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The Australians got it all stuff, and so on.

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That was just one part.

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But it was all manufacturing and control systems people.

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They had no idea what the sources

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software engineers were doing.

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Absolutely no. And the ignorance was mutual

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software engineers had no idea

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that we had this fantastic methodology, which would've been

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a systems engineering methodology.

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Really, the only problem is

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that a systems engineering methodology usually looks at

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technical systems where a manufacturing system has humans in

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it, and humans are always the problem

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and often also the solution.

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And our architecture framework, which was,

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which which we called is generalization, generalized,

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enterprise reference architecture

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and methodology covered it all.

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But where the ingredients came from

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were from these different European and other projects.

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So for example, the Perdu Enterprise reference architecture

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very eloquently, described how

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to divide the system into

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what the system actually does perform its mission

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and its control management and control.

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And these are the only two things

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that you have to worry about.

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But when you perform the mission, there are certain things

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that you automate

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and certain things that are being done by humans.

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And the same is true for the management and control.

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The Europeans computer integrated manufacturing,

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open systems architecture, mosa,

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they brought in the lifecycle concept, which says, at

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that time in a very,

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by now I would say rudimentary way, you have

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to define the requirement, the design

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and implementation of a system.

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We have refined that later.

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And the French, the French are always a bit outliers

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and say very interesting things,

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because the French have a different idea,

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they look at the world in a different way.

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For example, they don't have the word for design.

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They insist that they do it, but they don't.

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So when you ask what,

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how do you translate computer related design?

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They say co

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conception is not the design is design concept

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is come up with the concept.

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So to this day, the French

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and English engineers don't a hundred

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percent understand each other.

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Anyways, they brought a very interesting, structure to

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how to think about the management system

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of an enterprise, putting it all this together.

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That's g So now we had something

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actually in the year 2000

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and I, I presented it, in Toulu, we,

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the large ISO meeting.

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And they said, dear, dear, there,

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we should have known this before

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because we have been working on this anyways, that

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with the systems engineers.

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And, anyways, jumped 23 years forward

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or 20 something years forward, I realized

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that these two communities, the systems engineering

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and the manufacturing and control communities,

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they just don't talk to one another.

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So the only way is to,

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I was in the Manufac manufacturing and control world.

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I moved into this world and joined the systems

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and software engineering community.

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And so when you jump forward, we can see

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that now what was that, concept in the,

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manufacturing world has now infiltrated in pretty much all

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major systems engineering standard.

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It just took a cool 23 years for that to happen.

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One thing though, that is a kosher, I've been talking to,

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to people for who are doing enterprise architecture,

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India in the big contractors like tall lock, Martin,

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those sort of thing, people, I don't wanna point out anyone,

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but I've been talking to them all,

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you cannot stop creativity if you want

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to standardize something and this

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and you say, this is the only way everybody is going

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to turn it away, so forth.

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In the same way as I was mentioning that, Dodo,

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which was actually a defense renaming at,

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so-called C four ISR.

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Don't ask me the,

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those people in the no know exactly what I'm talking about.

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They wanted their own terminology.

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The defense wants their own terminology.

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So they created Doda based on C four ISR, and there

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Is a, a long list

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of these architecture frameworks that are currently in use.

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And the reason is, is humorous,

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because they read the book, which can be,

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a hundred pages, 300 pages,

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and then another, another 300 pages that explains how

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to use the first 300 pages.

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So therefore, people take

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what they understand from the published architecture

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frameworks, and then they develop their own

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because they own it.

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And then when they own it, they believe in it

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and they start using it.

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So for that reason, when in the middle of nineties we said,

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Tim, now from nist, from National Institute of Standards

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and Technology said, why don't we standardize it?

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We said, no, no, no, no, no.

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You cannot try to standardize it

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because it'll be standing against all the others.

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The investment in people who who have already learned,

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mod of, south my own favor and on is a long list.

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But what we can do here is this Guam framework.

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What is it that it can do for you?

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And so RA was already existing and we said, it can do this.

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For example, it can equally represent the human

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and the automated task.

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It can equally represent the, the,

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all these different types of entities that are involved

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in architecting an integrated enterprise.

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It can rep with various entities.

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Like a project is an entity,

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a manufacturing company is an entity,

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a car is an entity, and so on.

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Um, you have to think about the software and the hardware.

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And people said, what are you serious? That's trivial.

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Not as trivial as you think

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because you understand the computer software

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and hardware that the subdivision hardware and software.

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But when you try to subdivide, human

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and machine the machine software,

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if the machine happens to be a computer,

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that's what you understood.

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The rest you did not.

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If the machine is an NC machine,

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the software is different for it.

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It is the instructions for the NC machine to cut the metal.

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How about the humans? The humans have abilities.

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That's how they come.

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What is the human software? Oh, well, these

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Are the instructions to people,

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and it can be a definition of processes or just policies,

17:57.015 --> 18:01.465
because if you are extremely skilled, you don't have

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to be given a procedure.

18:04.175 --> 18:06.955
If you want to tell a friend chef how to make an

18:08.915 --> 18:10.535
and say how to flip it,

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they will smash everything and leave.

18:15.875 --> 18:18.185
Don't you tell me how to make an,

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so that means you have to adjust the human software

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to the human hardware in the same way as you adjust

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the computer software, computer hardware.

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And at the age of ai,

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nowadays things are changing really, really rapidly.

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I have in my life studied AI a lot.

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I had a National Academy

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of Sciences scholarship at the AI lab at MIT.

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And I learned a lot there

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and developed ideas, which I'm currently using,

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I cannot talk about unfortunately,

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but currently using in

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appropriate defense areas.

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So, this architecting complex systems

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has a long history.

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And that book in the 1960, nineties 96,

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it was published, was just the beginning and

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after that, international standards

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applications in various industrial consortia

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in ship building, in, chemical

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and manufacturing, continuous process manufacturing,

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and other areas as well, has found its,

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its application.

Evolution of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Systems

00:00:00 - The motivation is something that goes back to the middle of 1970s where, around the world there was this idea that we have to, use computers for, manufacturing, which include, numeric headache controlled machines that, actually cut the metal computerated design and so on.
00:00:34 - US Air Force, program, the integrated computer, in manufacturing program, and several programs in Europe, have started to build this exceedingly complex systems. The way I got into this is, I was at the time in Hungary in a very good research r
00:01:05 - control engineers, software engineers, plus support personnel, very well funded. And we were designing a, computer integrated manufacturing system for a machine tool factory. About 110 people worked for five years. And, even though that was, you know, behind the Iron curtain,
00:01:34 - what is it that they were doing? And so, from, from, the Office of Air Force Researcher, which was actually at the UK at the time, award came several times to visit. We went to visit as well, us because engineers talked to the engineers, how do we solve this problem? And, when I was recruited as a relatively young,
00:02:07 - and work for us, come and work for us, because I had worked for them for a few years before. And I said, what is your most difficult problem? And it is, well, we have a project, 110 engineers working on this exceedingly complex system. Give us a methodology how to do that, because the complexity was just overwhelming.
00:02:40 - I was heading a system engineer group, and we developed a methodology system was implemented and so on, but it was too expensive. It was too expensive. in the us they were using it for, aircraft being, production we Were using for product producing other types of parts. So how would it be possible to make it more affordable?

Developing Reference Models for Manufacturing Systems

00:03:10 - The return investment is just negative. And of course, many people around the world are working on this, including Germany, including France, including the us. And, by that time, my group developed a method how to develop a reference model, if you wish, for a class of flexible manufacturing systems so
00:03:41 - at a reasonable expense. So, Jim Nvi, who at that time was the deputy director of the Charles Child, Dr. Laboratory in, I don't know, Draper lab is a part or not part is independent at MRT. but he raised the question,
00:04:13 - who work in this area from around the world? Jim was by the way, the, one of the main designers of the Apollo guidance systems. so he was a very, engineer, but he said, well bring the manufacturing control people and the, and the IT or computer science people together. What is it that we know how to create such complex systems?
00:04:44 - and there were others as well, many others as a matter of fact. and we started to review what is it that the different companies say how to create such systems? And as a result in the first, that was around 1990, as a result, we started to categorize what is it that people say, how to build this?
00:05:15 - One type, this is the structure of a manufacturing system, and including its control system. Well, that's fantastic. It gives you a pattern, but it doesn't give you a methodology how to do this. And so the type two, so-called reference architectures should be those which actually tell you how to get from the idea idea ideation,
00:05:47 - to actually design, architecting, designing, implementing, operating it. That's another type of reference architecture relative to the ones That just said, this is how this should look like. And so this task force started to review these various architecture proposals. And the outcome of that was the book that we published called Architectures for Enterprise Integration

Documenting Architectural Approaches and Standards

00:06:17 - It is more like a monograph. it is not a, not for teaching purposes. It's a monograph that documents the thinking of the task force and how to go ahead. One of the, at the time they made, the task force ifi, international Federation of Information Processing and iact, international Federation of Automatic Control. These two organizations came together and created this task force with many members.
00:06:52 - but some of them for from academia or something in between an r and d institute. You can argue whether it's academia or not. And when we did this review before publishing the book that you were referring to, Fran was, you know, one of the people who said in the task force, so how it possible to generalize what people who are in this area of architecture, how
00:07:24 - And the chairman of the task force was, Ted Williams, the chair of the Purview Consortium, which was originally created by Axon, but populated by many large engineering companies and, and control system vendors and so on. And I said, you know, I was relatively young researcher in my forties. I put up my head, actually, I know how
00:07:53 - They said there said, do it. So I did it with a colleague of mine and published, I think it's 1994, an article how to generalize This architecture Approaches, which give you a methodology for very large complex systems. And, the book that you're referring to, it took quite some time to actually publish, you know, it takes almost two years from the time you have the idea
00:08:27 - And then when this was presented, they said, Ari, now you are the chair of the task force. Because one person from the National Institute of Standards, techn in Burg said, dear, we have been going around in circle in ISO International Organization Standards Organization to actually develop such a thing. It would be possible to fast track
00:08:58 - And within six years, we fast tracked and became an international standard in the year 2000. The problem is that by that time and many others including the us, the, department of Defense developed an architecture framework called Dodo, which was, which had a similar intent. The British, of course, they improved it.

Bridging Gaps in Engineering Understanding

00:09:33 - The Australians got it all stuff, and so on. That was just one part. But it was all manufacturing and control systems people. They had no idea what the sources software engineers were doing. Absolutely no. And the ignorance was mutual software engineers had no idea
00:10:02 - a systems engineering methodology. Really, the only problem is that a systems engineering methodology usually looks at technical systems where a manufacturing system has humans in it, and humans are always the problem and often also the solution. And our architecture framework, which was, which which we called is generalization, generalized, enterprise reference architecture
00:10:31 - But where the ingredients came from were from these different European and other projects. So for example, the Perdu Enterprise reference architecture very eloquently, described how to divide the system into what the system actually does perform its mission and its control management and control.
00:11:01 - that you have to worry about. But when you perform the mission, there are certain things that you automate and certain things that are being done by humans. And the same is true for the management and control. The Europeans computer integrated manufacturing, open systems architecture, mosa, they brought in the lifecycle concept, which says, at that time in a very, by now I would say rudimentary way, you have
00:11:35 - and implementation of a system. We have refined that later. And the French, the French are always a bit outliers and say very interesting things, because the French have a different idea, they look at the world in a different way. For example, they don't have the word for design. They insist that they do it, but they don't. So when you ask what, how do you translate computer related design?
00:12:09 - conception is not the design is design concept is come up with the concept. So to this day, the French and English engineers don't a hundred percent understand each other. Anyways, they brought a very interesting, structure to how to think about the management system of an enterprise, putting it all this together.

Bridging Gaps in Systems Engineering Communication

00:12:40 - actually in the year 2000 and I, I presented it, in Toulu, we, the large ISO meeting. And they said, dear, dear, there, we should have known this before because we have been working on this anyways, that with the systems engineers. And, anyways, jumped 23 years forward or 20 something years forward, I realized that these two communities, the systems engineering
00:13:10 - they just don't talk to one another. So the only way is to, I was in the Manufac manufacturing and control world. I moved into this world and joined the systems and software engineering community. And so when you jump forward, we can see that now what was that, concept in the,
00:13:45 - major systems engineering standard. It just took a cool 23 years for that to happen. One thing though, that is a kosher, I've been talking to, to people for who are doing enterprise architecture, India in the big contractors like tall lock, Martin, those sort of thing, people, I don't wanna point out anyone,
00:14:11 - you cannot stop creativity if you want to standardize something and this and you say, this is the only way everybody is going to turn it away, so forth. In the same way as I was mentioning that, Dodo, which was actually a defense renaming at, so-called C four ISR. Don't ask me the, those people in the no know exactly what I'm talking about.
00:14:43 - The defense wants their own terminology. So they created Doda based on C four ISR, and there Is a, a long list of these architecture frameworks that are currently in use. And the reason is, is humorous, because they read the book, which can be, a hundred pages, 300 pages,
00:15:16 - to use the first 300 pages. So therefore, people take what they understand from the published architecture frameworks, and then they develop their own because they own it. And then when they own it, they believe in it and they start using it. So for that reason, when in the middle of nineties we said, Tim, now from nist, from National Institute of Standards and Technology said, why don't we standardize it?

Challenges in Standardizing Complex Systems Architecture

00:15:46 - You cannot try to standardize it because it'll be standing against all the others. The investment in people who who have already learned, mod of, south my own favor and on is a long list. But what we can do here is this Guam framework. What is it that it can do for you? And so RA was already existing and we said, it can do this. For example, it can equally represent the human
00:16:18 - It can equally represent the, the, all these different types of entities that are involved in architecting an integrated enterprise. It can rep with various entities. Like a project is an entity, a manufacturing company is an entity, a car is an entity, and so on. you have to think about the software and the hardware.
00:16:55 - Not as trivial as you think because you understand the computer software and hardware that the subdivision hardware and software. But when you try to subdivide, human and machine the machine software,
00:17:19 - that's what you understood. The rest you did not. If the machine is an NC machine, the software is different for it. It is the instructions for the NC machine to cut the metal. How about the humans? The humans have abilities. That's how they come. What is the human software? well, these
00:17:51 - and it can be a definition of processes or just policies, because if you are extremely skilled, you don't have to be given a procedure. If you want to tell a friend chef how to make an and say how to flip it, they will smash everything and leave. Don't you tell me how to make an,
00:18:26 - to the human hardware in the same way as you adjust the computer software, computer hardware. And at the age of ai, nowadays things are changing really, really rapidly. I have in my life studied AI a lot. I had a National Academy of Sciences scholarship at the AI lab at MIT. And I learned a lot there

History and Applications of Complex Systems Architecture

00:18:59 - I cannot talk about unfortunately, but currently using in appropriate defense areas. So, this architecting complex systems has a long history. And that book in the 1960, nineties 96, it was published, was just the beginning and
00:19:47 - applications in various industrial consortia in ship building, in, chemical and manufacturing, continuous process manufacturing, and other areas as well, has found its, its application.

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