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America’s Jewish Women

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Pamela Nadell discusses the role Jewish women played in the struggle for the 19th Amendment and women’s rights.

Image courtesy of interviewee. March 26, 2024

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The author discusses the motivation behind writing a book focused on the history of American Jewish women, emphasizing that this group has often been overlooked in the broader narratives of women's history that emerged during the feminist movement of the 1960s. The intent is to highlight that Jewish women have their own unique history, which deserves recognition.

The narrative begins in 1654 with the arrival of the first Jewish people in America, noting the existence of two women whose names are recorded, suggesting their significance as heads of households. The author reflects on a 25-year journey of research and contemplation about how to present this history in an accessible manner.

The book categorizes Jewish women into three groups based on their relationship to Judaism: those for whom faith is central, those who see Jewish identity as important but not deeply religious, and those for whom it is incidental unless confronted with anti-Semitism.

The author underscores the significant transformations in women's lives over the centuries, such as changes in family size and lifespan. This video video context leads to a surge in women's organizations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, where Jewish women played active roles.

The narrative examines notable Jewish women who have influenced American feminism and social movements, including figures like Betty Friedan and Rabbi Sally Priesand. The author concludes that understanding the history of American Jewish women is essential for contextualizing their experiences and contributions to American society, and the book aims to present this history in a format that is accessible to a broad audience.

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00:00.225 --> 00:02.525
The first thing that I would, I would say in terms

00:02.525 --> 00:07.125
of the motivation of the book is that when the field

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of women's history began exploding, which is really part

00:10.925 --> 00:13.685
of the feminist movement that emerged in the 1960s,

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and first it people try to write big histories

00:18.385 --> 00:20.525
or they look at particular subjects,

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and then they began to talk a lot about religious

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and racial groups and ethnic groups,

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but they really didn't pay much attention

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to Jewish women as a separate group.

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And so part of the reason for writing this book was to,

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to show that Jewish women,

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American Jewish women do have their own history.

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The term Jewish, and I don't use that in the title,

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but the, I certainly use it in the book, the term Jewish,

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was actually a term that was used both

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by Jewish men and women and by gentile men

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and women to refer to Jewish women.

00:57.825 --> 01:02.465
And it falls out of favor only in the late 1940s.

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I find it used pretty regularly until the 1940s,

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and then it just isn't used anymore.

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But I certainly do talk about the Jes in the book.

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And I start the book

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in 1654 when the first 23 Jews came

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to the United States,

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or, well, not yet, the United States, new Amsterdam,

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which was not yet renamed to New York.

01:25.045 --> 01:28.505
And we actually know the name of two Jewish women,

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Reka Nunes and Judith Mercado,

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because they must have been single heads of households.

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So either they, they had never married,

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and more likely their husbands had died

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and their names were preserved in the records.

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Whereas the names of other women, wives of people were not

01:45.325 --> 01:46.985
of men were not usually preserved.

01:47.085 --> 01:50.145
The research is that I actually thought about this book

01:50.145 --> 01:51.745
for about a quarter of a century.

01:52.385 --> 01:54.785
I kept, I, I wrote different things.

01:54.905 --> 01:58.065
I wrote an earlier book called Women Who Would Be Rabbis

01:58.065 --> 02:00.545
about the conversation about when, whether

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or not women could be ordained.

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That went on for more than a, a century.

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And I, I kept thinking about this book,

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and I kept gathering materials.

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And I had, in those days, file cabinets,

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hard copy file cabinets, and I had drawers

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and drawers of materials.

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And then,

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but it took me a long time, a long time to really figure out

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how to tell this story and to tell it to a wider audience.

02:27.605 --> 02:31.425
And my, my favorite way of kind of explaining this is,

02:31.965 --> 02:35.145
my daughter was the day I sent off the manuscript,

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which is always, at least for me as an author,

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the best day, you know, I'm done.

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I'm, I'm done. I'm not really done.

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It's going into production, but I'm done.

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And my daughter by then was in medical school,

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and she posted a photo on Instagram of the two

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of us together when she was about three.

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And she said, my mom finally finished the book.

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So,

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because a sense of, you know, it took me a long time,

02:58.845 --> 03:02.765
Um, what it means, I think for American Jewish women

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to have, a history,

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their own history is really important.

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If we don't know our past, we can't stand on the shoulders

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of those who came before us.

03:14.545 --> 03:18.525
And as I said earlier, writing women into history

03:19.425 --> 03:22.285
was part of the feminist project

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that brought women into the workforce,

03:24.755 --> 03:27.885
that brought women into politics that opened up

03:27.985 --> 03:30.045
so many avenues of society to women.

03:30.785 --> 03:33.765
And this history, these histories of different groups,

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African-American women, Latinx women,

03:38.695 --> 03:42.165
Asian American women, these histories are really critical

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because while these groups are part of American women,

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they need, we need to understand also

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what makes them distinctive

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for their particular ethnic groups.

03:53.375 --> 03:56.045
Plays an important role for some

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of America's Jewish women, but not for all.

03:59.145 --> 04:00.565
And one of the things that I,

04:00.905 --> 04:03.165
and this is part of, I think why it took me so long

04:03.165 --> 04:06.685
to figure out how to write the book, is I really talk about

04:07.335 --> 04:10.085
three different categories of Jewish women.

04:10.085 --> 04:14.045
There are Jewish women for whom Judaism, the faith

04:14.225 --> 04:17.725
and its rituals sits at the core of their lives,

04:18.065 --> 04:22.045
and they really move from Sabbath to Sabbath, from holiday

04:22.265 --> 04:25.285
to holiday, from birth to death,

04:25.625 --> 04:29.405
and the way in which Jewish rituals mark the events from,

04:29.425 --> 04:31.885
of one's life, from birth to death.

04:32.395 --> 04:34.685
There's a second category of Jewish women

04:35.185 --> 04:39.925
for whom I would say Jewishness is crucially important,

04:40.745 --> 04:44.405
but not in, in the deep religious sense of

04:44.405 --> 04:45.445
that first category.

04:45.465 --> 04:48.565
So these women, they may, their lives might not be marked

04:48.585 --> 04:51.525
by moving from the traditions of Sabbath to Sabbath,

04:51.825 --> 04:55.485
but they'd be marked by moving from ho from major holidays

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to major holidays.

04:57.185 --> 05:00.805
And then also their lives were very much determined

05:01.585 --> 05:04.725
by the way in which America treated its Jews.

05:05.345 --> 05:07.045
So for example, there were neighborhoods

05:07.045 --> 05:09.245
that Jews could not live in live.

05:09.245 --> 05:10.325
It was very common

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before the 1960s that Jews married other Jews.

05:15.145 --> 05:18.805
And also what was distinctive about America's Jewish women,

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especially in this category,

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but in all of them, is that they were better educated

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than other American women.

05:27.665 --> 05:28.685
Far better educated.

05:28.715 --> 05:30.725
They were far more likely to go to college

05:31.225 --> 05:32.325
and graduate school.

05:32.985 --> 05:35.485
But there was a third category of Jewish women

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that I discussed,

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and it's these women for whom Jewishness is so

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incidental that by

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and large, they never paid much attention to it

05:47.175 --> 05:48.325
until they were someplace

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where someone made an anti-Semitic remark.

05:51.385 --> 05:52.925
And then they understood

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that they were still marked out as Jews. So I,

05:57.075 --> 06:00.765
What I, the way I get into this in the book goes

06:00.825 --> 06:04.165
to your next question, which is some of these colonial

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or early American Jewish women.

06:06.785 --> 06:09.045
And I opened the book with a preface

06:09.045 --> 06:12.805
where I talked about a woman named, grace SIUs, Nathan

06:13.455 --> 06:17.245
Grace Nathan was first a daughter and a sister,

06:17.465 --> 06:21.685
and then a mother, and, a wife and a grandmother.

06:22.505 --> 06:25.165
And her life, even though she lived

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through these major events,

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like she was born in the colonies, she lived

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through the Revolutionary War.

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She lived through the writing of, the Constitution.

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She even lived through the War of Independence.

06:37.025 --> 06:41.525
But what she was focused on were the things of her life.

06:41.745 --> 06:45.405
And so in her letters, which were preserved in the archives,

06:45.745 --> 06:48.365
she talks about a niece who has been spitting up blood,

06:48.985 --> 06:50.965
and the doctors are not terribly worried.

06:51.195 --> 06:54.085
They think she keeps her corsets too tight.

06:55.105 --> 06:58.325
And then I talk about another woman from a later period,

06:58.555 --> 07:03.445
from the second half of the 19th century named Emma Lazarus,

07:03.465 --> 07:06.085
who wrote the famous poem in the base of the Statue

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of Liberty, the one

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that welcomes the huddled masses yearning

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to breathe free to America.

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And there's a powerful connection between these two women,

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because Emma Lazarus was Grace

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Nathan's great-granddaughter.

07:22.655 --> 07:24.915
So when I think of change, I think

07:24.975 --> 07:28.835
of major transformations in women's lives,

07:29.015 --> 07:30.635
not just in Jewish women's lives.

07:30.695 --> 07:32.475
And I'll point to just two.

07:33.255 --> 07:37.875
In 1800, the average, lifespan of an America,

07:38.135 --> 07:39.755
the average, family size

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and lifespan of an American woman,

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was dramatically different than it would be a

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century or more later.

07:47.095 --> 07:50.955
So in 1800, the average woman in America had seven children

07:51.735 --> 07:53.995
By 1900, she is 3.5.

07:54.275 --> 07:56.675
I never know what to do with that half 0.5 child.

07:56.735 --> 08:00.915
By the way, in 1850, she lived was likely

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to live less than 40 years.

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By 1920, she was likely to live 57 years.

08:06.215 --> 08:11.035
And those transformations enabled American women

08:11.295 --> 08:14.635
to do remarkable things that they had not done before,

08:14.635 --> 08:17.555
because frankly, they were spending fewer years

08:17.615 --> 08:21.075
of their lives, childbearing and child rearing,

08:21.075 --> 08:22.195
and they were living longer.

08:22.455 --> 08:26.355
So one of the things that we see is in the late 19th century

08:26.535 --> 08:30.275
and the early 20th century, there's this explosion

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of Jewish women, of women's organizations

08:32.535 --> 08:33.555
in the United States.

08:33.975 --> 08:36.435
And Jewish women join in that

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by creating their own organizations, the National Council

08:40.215 --> 08:44.835
of Jewish Women in 1893, Hadassa in 1912,

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and many more that I won't mention.

08:47.695 --> 08:49.395
And what do they do?

08:49.665 --> 08:53.155
Well, they're focused on Jews at home and abroad.

08:53.665 --> 08:54.795
They want to fight

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Antisemitism at home and abroad.

08:57.755 --> 09:00.525
They wanna foster a Jewish future in America.

09:01.465 --> 09:03.845
But Jewish women didn't only need big

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powerhouse organizations.

09:05.285 --> 09:06.765
Those still exist today.

09:07.505 --> 09:09.685
The Jewish women also banded together

09:10.005 --> 09:12.605
whenever they saw injustice confronting them.

09:13.225 --> 09:16.165
So for example, in 1902, when the price

09:16.165 --> 09:19.485
of kosher meat soared from 6 cents a pound

09:19.485 --> 09:22.565
to 12 cents a pound on the lower East side of New York,

09:22.765 --> 09:26.125
kosher meat is the kind of meat that observant Jews eat.

09:26.155 --> 09:28.005
This was a fairly observant community.

09:28.005 --> 09:30.965
It was an immigrant community. What do the women do?

09:31.435 --> 09:34.965
They, organized a kosher meat boycott

09:35.305 --> 09:37.205
to force the price to come down.

09:37.785 --> 09:41.925
And so many, many other examples like that when we think of

09:42.725 --> 09:45.445
American Jewish women, and especially since the groups

09:45.445 --> 09:47.525
that you're talking about really come into view

09:47.695 --> 09:51.885
after World War ii, we think of the many Jewish women

09:52.185 --> 09:56.165
who were pioneers in American feminism,

09:56.315 --> 09:59.045
like Betty Friedan, who wrote The Feminine Mystique,

09:59.265 --> 10:01.325
helped launch the entire movement.

10:01.335 --> 10:03.965
Bella Abzug, who rides the coattails

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of the movement into Congress in religious terms, we think

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of Rabbi Sally Pand, who finally crashed that barrier

10:12.545 --> 10:16.885
to women becoming rabbis and became a rabbi in 1972.

10:17.345 --> 10:20.365
And that's right around the same time that Evelyn Tort

10:20.365 --> 10:23.405
and Beck was carving out a spa, a space

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for Jewish lesbians in American life.

10:26.385 --> 10:29.525
Um, we think of Zionists like Rose Halprin

10:29.905 --> 10:33.805
and also Golden Meir who spent part of her life in

10:34.485 --> 10:35.965
Milwaukee, in the United States

10:36.065 --> 10:38.645
before moving to the land of Israel.

10:39.025 --> 10:43.965
And yet they, their Jewishness informed their struggle,

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informed what they did,

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and also how they all ended up at some point

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facing antisemitism.

10:52.365 --> 10:56.405
The, the most important takeaway of the book is this claim

10:56.475 --> 11:00.005
that we need to understand American Jewish women's history.

11:00.745 --> 11:05.245
And that, in, honestly, in about 300 pages

11:05.305 --> 11:07.445
of text or less, I was able

11:07.445 --> 11:12.045
to cover from colonial days all the way up until the 20,

11:12.265 --> 11:14.085
the beginnings of the 21st century.

11:14.665 --> 11:17.005
And that what was very important is

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that this book was published by WW Norton.

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I am a scholar, I'm an academic, I'm a professor,

11:23.065 --> 11:26.165
but I wrote it so that a wide audience could read it.

Uncovering Jewish Women's Unique Historical Journey

00:00:00 - The first thing that I would, I would say in terms of the motivation of the book is that when the field of women's history began exploding, which is really part of the feminist movement that emerged in the 1960s, and first it people try to write big histories or they look at particular subjects, and then they began to talk a lot about religious and racial groups and ethnic groups, but they really didn't pay much attention to Jewish women as a separate group.
00:00:34 - to show that Jewish women, American Jewish women do have their own history. The term Jewish, and I don't use that in the title, but the, I certainly use it in the book, the term Jewish, was actually a term that was used both by Jewish men and women and by gentile men and women to refer to Jewish women. And it falls out of favor only in the late 1940s.
00:01:06 - and then it just isn't used anymore. But I certainly do talk about the Jes in the book. And I start the book in 1654 when the first 23 Jews came to the United States, or, well, not yet, the United States, new Amsterdam, which was not yet renamed to New York. And we actually know the name of two Jewish women, Reka Nunes and Judith Mercado, because they must have been single heads of households.
00:01:38 - and more likely their husbands had died and their names were preserved in the records. Whereas the names of other women, wives of people were not of men were not usually preserved. The research is that I actually thought about this book for about a quarter of a century. I kept, I, I wrote different things. I wrote an earlier book called Women Who Would Be Rabbis about the conversation about when, whether or not women could be ordained. That went on for more than a, a century. And I, I kept thinking about this book,
00:02:10 - And I had, in those days, file cabinets, hard copy file cabinets, and I had drawers and drawers of materials. And then, but it took me a long time, a long time to really figure out how to tell this story and to tell it to a wider audience. And my, my favorite way of kind of explaining this is, my daughter was the day I sent off the manuscript, which is always, at least for me as an author,
00:02:39 - I'm, I'm done. I'm not really done. It's going into production, but I'm done. And my daughter by then was in medical school, and she posted a photo on Instagram of the two of us together when she was about three. And she said, my mom finally finished the book. So, because a sense of, you know, it took me a long time, what it means, I think for American Jewish women to have, a history, their own history is really important.

Jewish Women's Diverse Histories and Experiences

00:03:12 - of those who came before us. And as I said earlier, writing women into history was part of the feminist project that brought women into the workforce, that brought women into politics that opened up so many avenues of society to women. And this history, these histories of different groups, African-American women, Latinx women, Asian American women, these histories are really critical
00:03:46 - they need, we need to understand also what makes them distinctive for their particular ethnic groups. Plays an important role for some of America's Jewish women, but not for all. And one of the things that I, and this is part of, I think why it took me so long to figure out how to write the book, is I really talk about three different categories of Jewish women. There are Jewish women for whom Judaism, the faith
00:04:18 - and they really move from Sabbath to Sabbath, from holiday to holiday, from birth to death, and the way in which Jewish rituals mark the events from, of one's life, from birth to death. There's a second category of Jewish women for whom I would say Jewishness is crucially important, but not in, in the deep religious sense of
00:04:45 - So these women, they may, their lives might not be marked by moving from the traditions of Sabbath to Sabbath, but they'd be marked by moving from ho from major holidays to major holidays. And then also their lives were very much determined by the way in which America treated its Jews. So for example, there were neighborhoods that Jews could not live in live. It was very common before the 1960s that Jews married other Jews.
00:05:18 - especially in this category, but in all of them, is that they were better educated than other American women. Far better educated. They were far more likely to go to college and graduate school. But there was a third category of Jewish women that I discussed, and it's these women for whom Jewishness is so incidental that by and large, they never paid much attention to it
00:05:48 - where someone made an anti-Semitic remark. And then they understood that they were still marked out as Jews. So I, What I, the way I get into this in the book goes to your next question, which is some of these colonial or early American Jewish women. And I opened the book with a preface where I talked about a woman named, grace SIUs, Nathan Grace Nathan was first a daughter and a sister,

Women’s Lives Through Major Historical Events

00:06:22 - And her life, even though she lived through these major events, like she was born in the colonies, she lived through the Revolutionary War. She lived through the writing of, the Constitution. She even lived through the War of Independence. But what she was focused on were the things of her life. And so in her letters, which were preserved in the archives, she talks about a niece who has been spitting up blood,
00:06:51 - They think she keeps her corsets too tight. And then I talk about another woman from a later period, from the second half of the 19th century named Emma Lazarus, who wrote the famous poem in the base of the Statue of Liberty, the one that welcomes the huddled masses yearning to breathe free to America. And there's a powerful connection between these two women, because Emma Lazarus was Grace
00:07:22 - So when I think of change, I think of major transformations in women's lives, not just in Jewish women's lives. And I'll point to just two. In 1800, the average, lifespan of an America, the average, family size and lifespan of an American woman, was dramatically different than it would be a century or more later. So in 1800, the average woman in America had seven children
00:07:54 - I never know what to do with that half 0.5 child. By the way, in 1850, she lived was likely to live less than 40 years. By 1920, she was likely to live 57 years. And those transformations enabled American women to do remarkable things that they had not done before, because frankly, they were spending fewer years of their lives, childbearing and child rearing, and they were living longer.
00:08:26 - and the early 20th century, there's this explosion of Jewish women, of women's organizations in the United States. And Jewish women join in that by creating their own organizations, the National Council of Jewish Women in 1893, Hadassa in 1912, and many more that I won't mention. And what do they do? Well, they're focused on Jews at home and abroad.
00:08:55 - Antisemitism at home and abroad. They wanna foster a Jewish future in America. But Jewish women didn't only need big powerhouse organizations. Those still exist today. The Jewish women also banded together whenever they saw injustice confronting them. So for example, in 1902, when the price of kosher meat soared from 6 cents a pound to 12 cents a pound on the lower East side of New York, kosher meat is the kind of meat that observant Jews eat.

Pioneering Jewish Women in American Feminism

00:09:28 - It was an immigrant community. What do the women do? They, organized a kosher meat boycott to force the price to come down. And so many, many other examples like that when we think of American Jewish women, and especially since the groups that you're talking about really come into view after World War ii, we think of the many Jewish women who were pioneers in American feminism,
00:09:59 - helped launch the entire movement. Bella Abzug, who rides the coattails of the movement into Congress in religious terms, we think of Rabbi Sally Pand, who finally crashed that barrier to women becoming rabbis and became a rabbi in 1972. And that's right around the same time that Evelyn Tort and Beck was carving out a spa, a space for Jewish lesbians in American life.
00:10:29 - and also Golden Meir who spent part of her life in Milwaukee, in the United States before moving to the land of Israel. And yet they, their Jewishness informed their struggle, informed what they did, and also how they all ended up at some point facing antisemitism. The, the most important takeaway of the book is this claim
00:11:23 - And that, in, honestly, in about 300 pages of text or less, I was able to cover from colonial days all the way up until the 20, the beginnings of the 21st century. And that what was very important is that this book was published by WW Norton. I am a scholar, I'm an academic, I'm a professor, but I wrote it so that a wide audience could read it.

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