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Gonen Dori-Hacohen explores the Hebrew anaxnu (‘we’) in Israeli political radio phone-in programs.

Image courtesy of interviewee. April 30, 2024

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This video video discusses the speaker's research on the use of the pronoun "we" in language, specifically in political discourse and ordinary interactions. The speaker reflects on two primary contexts of their studies: their previous work on the creative and complex uses of "we" in mundane interactions, which they found challenging to analyze, and their examination of how "we" is utilized in radio discussions about public affairs in Israel.

The speaker emphasizes the significance of "we" in political contexts, as it represents social groups and collective identities. They explore how pronouns, particularly "we," can either establish existing social groups or create new ones within interactions. Their dissertation focused on ordinary people discussing public affairs over radio shows, observing different types of "we" that emerged from these conversations.

The speaker identifies several interpretations of "we" in these interactions, such as "conversational we," "program we," and "limited social we," each with distinct implications for inclusion and identity. The analysis includes various forms of "we" used to create community, manage interactions, and articulate political identities. Notably, a segment involving a Bedouin caller highlights issues of marginalization and belonging within the broader Israeli context.

Ultimately, the speaker argues for recognizing the complexity and creativity involved in everyday interactions, encouraging a deeper understanding of how we negotiate identities through language. They express appreciation for the intricate dynamics of human communication and the inherent creativity that emerges when individuals interact.

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It has two contexts, basically.

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One of them is, my interest with we, I studied, we,

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in Hebrew in a previous study.

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And to some degree it's a, it's a failure. It was a failure.

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I studied how two people use we in a mundane interaction,

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and I tried to make sense of that

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and I wasn't able to, they were doing it so creatively

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and I did it from a framework, conversation, analysis

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that gave me something.

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And we published something about how the,

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the two women in the car use we,

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but it didn't make a lot of sense.

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And so that we continued to, bug me to some degree.

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And on the flip side, I studied radio Phin,

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which is an arena of people,

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ordinary people talking about public affairs,

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talking about politics, talking about

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what interests them in life.

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And that was also studied.

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And this paper is a combination of these two interests

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that I have, how people use we

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and how people talk about politics.

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And we is central to politics

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because we is more than I,

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and so more than I is a social group.

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And we must study how social group talk politics.

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And that's the context of this paper.

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So we is a pronoun and there is a lot

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of research about pronouns, especially about the I

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and the you and the he,

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because this is the triangle of how people interact.

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Basically I am talking with you

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and many times we refer to some he or she

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or they in the interaction.

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And so how we refer to people was studied.

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And there are rules for how people refer to people.

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Uh, so that's one prior research.

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And then pronouns can create two types basically of people.

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I can create something that exists.

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So I exist in the interaction, you exist in the interaction,

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or I can create something that does not exist.

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So when I talk about we my family,

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you don't necessarily know that I have family.

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And so I can create a new group

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of people via the we, we as a reference.

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And so that's part of the discussion of what we is, so

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how we refer to people,

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how we insert people into the interaction in a way

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that is both preexisting as Silverstein called it.

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So preexisting groups

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or creative groups that we create in an interaction.

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And that's part of the, of that in politics,

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you probably know that they studied we,

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and there is a famous British royal we

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that we spoke speakers, royals.

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The only thing about royal we is that when people interact

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with one another, this ambiguity about we

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that was found in politics is

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existing to lesser degrees.

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So politicians like to talk in ambiguity

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because you cannot catch me.

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So I will talk about a we

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and you will not catch who this we exactly

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Is.

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However, when we, when we interact, if I say we,

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you might ask me, okay,

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who are you referring to when you say this?

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We something that politicians will rarely be asked.

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So whereas in political discourse

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that we can be ambiguous in studying face-to-face

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interaction, it is harder to have that ambiguity.

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So we have these two constraints to some degree

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that in politics that we can be ambiguous.

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But in face-to-face is not so with a pronoun that refer

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to people or to groups.

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Although usually, the reference work is more

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of an individual level.

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And we rarely discuss, especially in English one,

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you don't have the, the plural U versus a single U.

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So in Hebrews, there is a difference

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between plural and single.

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So the reference to singular versus plural is

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another interesting question.

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And so this is a literature

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that I brought into bearing when I studied

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how people actually use we when they talk politics.

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So the study was my dissertation.

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Uh, I studied radio phone in Israel.

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Uh, at that time they had the,

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the public stations had three different shows

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of people calling in the radio show.

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There was one in the morning, one in the afternoon,

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and the second one was in the afternoon.

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By the way, all of them stopped existing when I finished my

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dissertation, which is an another topic.

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Um, the people were ordinary people.

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I cannot say much about them

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because the only thing I know about them is

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that they called the show and talked.

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Um, I did not do a study of who callers are.

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Other people have done that.

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Um, the hosts who are important, the hosts are the,

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media personalities who are not journalists.

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So some of them are journalists, some

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of them are celebrities, some of them are.

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There was a basketball coach that was a host.

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And, and so Toand a host tried

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and succeeded in being ordinary people.

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And so the callers were ordinary people calling other

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ordinary people to talk about public affairs.

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That was the concept of the shows.

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Um, there was the screening process in one

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of the show, in another show.

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It was first come, first served.

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So if you called in, you got in.

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Um, and why Hebrew?

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Well, 'cause I'm from Israel and that's where I grew up.

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So I wanted to study Hebrew. That was the main case.

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Israel is unfortunately a very interesting country

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always in the news.

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Uh, and so that's a, if one wants a, an added bonus

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or a disadvantage if you want.

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Um, and those were the people that I studied.

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Um, you know, ordinary people to some degree.

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It's about creating social groups.

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And when we interact with creative social groups,

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and the thing that somewhat surprised me

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and I wasn't completely ready for is

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that they created various groups.

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And if you think about it, it makes sense,

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although usually it makes sense only

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after we finds it after we find it.

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So, when you and I interact, we interact

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and that's a, we and I can talk about we interact right now.

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And people do that all the time.

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And that's one type of social group

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that I found in my conversations

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and I called it conversation.

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We, it is to say the people who converse right now,

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and it was used mainly by hosts use it,

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to invoke I'm managing the interaction we need to finish.

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Um, and so the manager of the interaction in Voxer weed

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to some degree, it's, it, it has a,

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a malicious slant to that.

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Because when I talk for both of us interacting,

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I include you in a group that I'm not sure you want

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to be included in.

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So when the host said we need to finish,

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the caller cannot say, no, no, we don't need to finish

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because he is included in that tweet,

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but he don't want to finish necessarily.

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Um, so that's the first tweet that I found a different we,

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that I found is again, coming mainly from the host

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and I called it program.

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We, although that's a bad name, it's the people who produce

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the interaction, who produce the group,

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who produce the community to some degree.

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So they were regular callers at our show.

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And so when a host said to a regular call,

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you are a regular at our show, he creates the program.

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We, the community that surround the, we,

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sometimes the colorer is included.

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Sometimes the colorer is not incl included in that we,

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and that's the second way that I found.

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So the program, we,

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the third one is coming mainly from the callers.

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So when I speak for me

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and my family, we had a lovely weekend last week.

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The host is not included.

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It is the experience of the caller

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and some limited social group that he's part of.

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And the host is not.

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It is a different from the prior two

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because it's not a local week.

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So the conversation, we

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and the program, we is local in the interaction, whereas

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the, so the limited social way is not limited

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to the interaction and exists outside of the interaction.

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It comes into the interaction and it is exclusive.

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So the, the callers talks about it without the host.

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The next group is a more interesting one

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or the more political one.

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So now we're getting into politics.

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It doesn't say that the, the limited social way is not

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necessarily political.

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So my family can be political

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or my, town can be political

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or my, you know,

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my party political party political affiliation is political.

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But the largest way

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that I found in my data is talking as Israelis.

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So we, Israelis

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and I found two types of different Israelis speaking.

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One of them is what I call the open general.

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We, and so

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that's the entire Israeli society without

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living anyone aside.

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So it's a very inclusive we

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and it's almost like we can all agree

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that we need better education.

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It, it is hard to imagine someone does not agree with that.

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But still, I'm talking as a,

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as an Israeli about the community.

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So we, Israelis, we want peace.

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You cannot find people that cannot want peace.

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Of course the details matter,

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but generally speaking, we, Israelis want peace.

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We want better education, we want better economy,

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we want better education system.

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So all to some degree slogans that doesn't have a

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downside to them or a is open general way.

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Uh, in Israel, as everyone knows, there is also a,

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a political struggle between Israelis

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and Arabs or Palestinians.

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And that's the second open general way.

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So we Israelis against the Palestinians

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or against the Arabs, and in this way we are the good guys.

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They are the bad guys. And that came up a lot.

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Um, and mainly callers used that open.

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We either open general

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or open oppositional open we, that I call it.

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So the opposition between we the Israelis

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and they the ARBs slash Palestinians,

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that was the biggest group I found.

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Um, but there were two other smaller groups

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of we that I found.

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One of them is the vocal.

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We, so until now,

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at least one participant in their interaction was

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while part of the group.

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So either the conversation or the program

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or the, the limited social or Israelis,

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but I can speak of a company that I'm not part of.

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And then the company decided we don't do that anymore.

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So when I quote a collective group that is

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outside the interaction, I can do that.

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People do that in interaction

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and that's a separate, we, that's a vocal.

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We, and it's very different from all the others.

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And now there is one last v we

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that was found in earlier research

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and I barely found it unfortunately to some degree.

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And that's the humanitarian. We, we or the humanity.

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We, so we people, there was a hint

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for one, we people unlike the American constitution,

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they were barely we people or we humanity

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or we, all of us, in my data,

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the most of them were we Israelis. Um,

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And so these are the six or seven.

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I'm not a quantitative researcher usually,

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so I'm bad in counting.

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These are the different type of we that people create or use

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or refer to when they interact.

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So this is an interaction between host.

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The host name is Ari Linac, that the basketball coach,

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and the color, his name is Mohamad Al, awi,

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which is an important name as we will see more internally.

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And you have both the English and the Hebrew.

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The first line is a Hebrew in Latinized letters.

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And the second line is a translation to English.

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Um, and let's start right at it.

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Uh, line four you can see is

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that the C stands for the colors.

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The color says the arguments are part of our lives.

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You see, we have the hour here.

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It's almost ambiguous,

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although it seems that our lives can be both you and I.

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So it includes the call the host, so it to some degree

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everyone or the entire Israeli community that listen to it.

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And then the color continue.

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We are a people that know how to argue.

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So now we can see is that he invokes the people.

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So this is a open general way.

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This is a way that referred to the entire nation

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to some degree, especially since he invokes the word people.

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Um, in Hebrew, he says, which is folk or people.

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So the caller sees himself as part of the people.

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He invokes the open general, we of the Israeli, we,

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he gets an answer.

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And I didn't say, this is the beginning of the interaction.

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He gets an answer.

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And to our business, our business is a different,

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this is not the same hour as nine four.

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It's a different, we here

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because to our business is not

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the business of the entire people.

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It's a business of the people who conduct this show.

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In line seven, we have end to our business.

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Uh, this is you and I, we have a business to, to go into.

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Uh, so this is a conversation we,

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we need to get to business.

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The caller and the host.

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So the host here imposes a, a a we on the caller

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to move ahead with the conversation to start talking

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because to some degree the caller's opening was too long.

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And so the host Hastings him to get to the point

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to get to the business.

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It is a conversational way that we have a business to attend

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to in the interaction that we are conducting.

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The caller then presents himself and he says, Muhammad Al.

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Now this is a special name. It is a wan name.

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So the color is wan.

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And upon hearing his name, the host says in line 13

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and 14, you have a spot with us in the program.

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Now, as you can see this as a yellow, we,

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because with us it, the program is the,

14:46.695 --> 14:47.945
what I call the program.

14:48.085 --> 14:50.665
We or the, or the community. We,

14:51.025 --> 14:53.005
So the host talks for the community

14:53.105 --> 14:55.885
or for the program editors and managers

14:55.905 --> 15:00.445
and everyone to show that we as the community we know you,

15:00.665 --> 15:03.445
you are a regular caller in our program.

15:04.305 --> 15:08.005
And so we have a movement here from a caller

15:08.005 --> 15:09.725
who present himself as one of the people

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to the conversation.

15:11.585 --> 15:14.645
We to manage the interaction, to get to the business of it.

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Two, with us, the, the program

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with the community around the we.

15:21.685 --> 15:23.785
Now why is this segment interesting?

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Because I said that the open Israeli we

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is for Israelis.

15:30.045 --> 15:32.345
If people know about the conflict in Israel,

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they should know

15:33.495 --> 15:36.945
that Bedouins are a liminal position in Israel.

15:37.215 --> 15:38.665
They're not Jews. And

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therefore some consider them to be not the,

15:43.725 --> 15:45.025
how should I put it?

15:45.765 --> 15:48.025
Not the imagined Israeli

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or not part of the imagined Israeli community.

15:51.525 --> 15:55.585
And, and so when the caller says we are a people,

15:56.085 --> 15:58.585
he shows that I'm an Israeli like everyone else.

15:59.045 --> 16:02.905
I'm using the open general, we to be a member

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of the Israeli community.

16:05.125 --> 16:08.505
And when the host says, you have a spot with us, this,

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the host accepts him to the community

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as a proud member of the community.

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And, and what I, I showed in the programs

16:17.685 --> 16:20.305
and to some degree with the we is that

16:21.105 --> 16:24.065
marginalized Israelis, that is to say bedwin

16:24.325 --> 16:28.345
and to some degree J and Arabs called the show.

16:29.005 --> 16:33.425
And they try to be part of the community way as a gateway

16:33.765 --> 16:36.345
to become part of the open general way.

16:36.885 --> 16:39.105
So in Israel, if you want to be in Israel, you need

16:39.105 --> 16:41.025
to be part of a smaller community.

16:41.165 --> 16:44.145
And then the smaller community creates a larger community.

16:44.725 --> 16:47.905
And so the host accept the Pedro in color

16:47.925 --> 16:49.305
to be part of the community.

16:49.405 --> 16:54.385
We, in order for the color to get what his wish to be part

16:54.405 --> 16:57.955
of the Israeli, we, and this call is pretty

16:57.955 --> 17:01.555
because the call then complained about being discriminated

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against, that he is not seen as an Israeli,

17:06.235 --> 17:08.475
although he starts by presenting himself

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as being part of the people.

17:10.235 --> 17:11.515
I have the basic premise.

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People overlook interactions

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and people don't understand how creative

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we are when we interact.

17:19.055 --> 17:21.875
And I think that fluidity of the week shows how

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creative we are both at the, at the micro level

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of moving from one week to the, to the other,

17:29.505 --> 17:32.845
but how we use the micro level to create the macro world.

17:33.305 --> 17:37.045
So how from switching from one week to another, I show

17:37.045 --> 17:38.725
what identity I am, part of

17:39.035 --> 17:41.045
what I would identity I wish to have.

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And, and oftentimes much research is

17:44.525 --> 17:45.685
looking at the macro level.

17:46.065 --> 17:48.845
We talk about politics, we talk about power, we talk about

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Struggle, we research

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and most of us tend to take interaction for granted.

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We think that we know how to do that.

17:58.665 --> 18:00.805
And so we are doing it without being aware

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of the extreme intricacies that interactions have

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and the different types of, we is one of these intricacies

18:08.355 --> 18:09.805
that we manage

18:09.805 --> 18:13.005
and negotiate throughout our lives in many interactions.

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And we do it automatically.

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But it's, it's fun and it's creative.

18:18.745 --> 18:20.565
And the basic of humanity

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to some degree is the creativity that we have in us.

18:23.785 --> 18:26.565
And it shows when we interact with other people.

18:27.305 --> 18:29.165
And that's why I love this work

18:29.225 --> 18:30.525
and that's why I love this job.

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And I think that's

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to some degree why I love people sometimes

18:34.075 --> 18:35.445
because they're so creative.

18:35.755 --> 18:39.325
When, when we are using the structures we have.

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