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Predatory Practices and Scholarly Communication

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Pejman Habibie provides an overview of the complex phenomenon of predatory practices in scholarly communication and publication.

Image courtesy of interviewee. May 30, 2024

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This video discusses predatory practices in academia, specifically focusing on predatory publishing and conferences. It outlines how these practices involve socio-political and economic behaviors that have become prevalent in academic settings. The issue was first brought to light by librarian Jeffrey Beall around 2009-2010, who highlighted the rise of predatory journals and created a list of such entities, which is no longer available due to legal threats.

The speaker underscores that the emphasis on publishing as a measure of academic success in a neoliberal, capitalist system drives many academics, particularly those new to the field, to submit to predatory journals. This video phenomenon is viewed as a significant threat to the integrity of scholarship, as predatory publishers exploit the academic knowledge system.

The speaker also discusses the role of awareness and education in combating predatory practices, suggesting that academics should be trained to recognize predatory journals and understand the consequences of publishing there. Additionally, it highlights the need for institutional support through workshops and mentorship for novice scholars.

This video examines the socio-economic factors influencing knowledge production, emphasizing that the current academic publishing system is largely benefiting publishers rather than fostering equitable access to knowledge. It advocates for changes in the way academic contributions are evaluated, calling for a more democratic and accessible approach to disseminating knowledge, which includes publishing in various languages and utilizing social media platforms to reach broader audiences.

Moreover, the discussion reveals the complexities of predatory publishing, calling for a nuanced understanding that distinguishes between genuinely predatory journals and those lacking robust editorial practices. The speaker suggests that initiatives focusing on raising awareness and offering resources could help mitigate the impacts of predatory practices in academia.

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Here are some articles that are similar to the video you , focusing on predatory publishing practices, the impact of the publishing system on academia, and potential solutions for addressing these issues:

1. **"Predatory Publishing in Academic Journals: A Review"** - This article reviews different predatory publishing practices, discussing the emergence of predatory journals and their impact on academic integrity. It emphasizes the importance of awareness and education for academics to avoid such publishers.

2. **"The Economic Exploitation of Academic Publishing: Analyzing the Neoliberal Framework"** - This paper delves into how the neoliberal values of profit and competition shape academic publishing, ultimately harming knowledge dissemination and accessibility, similar to the socio-economic concerns highlighted in the video.

3. **"Understanding the Impact of Predatory Journals on Scholarly Communication"** - This article examines the implications of predatory journals for scholars, particularly early-career researchers. It discusses the pressures to publish and suggests ways to foster better publication practices.

4. **"Combatting Predatory Publishing: An Institutional Approach"** - This article outlines strategies institutions can adopt to protect their researchers from predatory journals, focusing on training and resources to help scholars identify legitimate publishing outlets.

5. **"The Role of Librarians in Educating Researchers about Predatory Publishing"** - Highlighting the significance of information literacy, this piece discusses how librarians can play a crucial role in educating faculty and students about the pitfalls of predatory publishing.

6. **"Reassessing Academic Publishing: Towards an Ethical and Inclusive System"** - This article calls for a re-evaluation of the current academic publishing framework, advocating broader access and a move away from traditional metrics of success that fuel the predatory publishing phenomenon.

7. **"The Challenge of Predatory Conferences: Navigating the Academic Landscape"** - Focusing on predatory conferences, this piece discusses how they exploit academic networking opportunities and the need for greater awareness and discernment among academics when choosing conferences to attend.

These articles collectively address the key themes of predatory practices in academia, the socio-economic factors involved, and the vital role of education and institutional support in combating these issues.

X-TIMESTAMP-MAP:LOCAL=00:00:00.000,MPEGTS=900000

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So when we talk about, predatory practices,

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basically we are looking at socio, rhetorical,

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sociopolitical and socioeconomic behaviors

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or misbehaviors that have become common in current academia.

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And it's not just by predators themselves,

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but by academics themselves.

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And generally speaking, we can divide them into two,

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you know, big categories.

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So, predatory journals or predatory publishing,

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and then predatory conferences or predatory, presenting.

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And, so if we look at this phenomenon,

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the very first time that people started to paying attention

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to this was back in 2009, 2010,

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when a librarian at the University of Colorado, Denver,

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Jeffrey Bill actually published a piece,

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and, in, in nature

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and talked about, you know, predatory, publishing

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and the fact that predatory journals are mushrooming

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and they are attracting a lot of, you know,

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academic, audience.

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And then, he developed a list.

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Of course, that list was, you know, is,

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is not actually online anymore,

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because there was threats of lawsuit

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and then some major implications for him.

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But since then, academia has started to pay attention

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to this, this phenomenon in different fields,

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computer sciences, data science,

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and also in my field, which is generally speaking, education

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and applied linguistics.

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So, there is this,

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newly established fast growing discipline within applied

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linguistics called English

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for research publication purposes,

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or which is part of the bigger, discipline of English

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for academic purposes.

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And what I'm,

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and this field basically looks at the socioeconomics

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and geopolitics of knowledge production and dissemination

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and, writing and publishing in academic journals.

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Um, so in different international academic contexts,

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a new and a very important,

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stream within this field, is, predatory practices.

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So what are the dynamics, that, of this phenomenon?

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So what are the factors or actors that,

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incentivize people, or,

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or, push people towards, publishing in

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academic journals in different disciplines

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or, academic, you know,

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presenting at academic conferences.

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So, generally speaking, it looks at, psychological,

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social, rhetorical

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and discursive, aspects of, predatory,

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publishing and also pedagogical aspects.

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So what solutions we can, you know, come up with in order

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to, prevent academics, from,

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falling prey to, predatory journals

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and predatory, conferences.

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This is a very good question.

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I think that if we want to understand this phenomenon,

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we need to go and look at it

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and situated in a bigger picture of what has,

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what has happened in our, our world

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and, in our academia.

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So, a lot of us know that, there is a,

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unholy, treason between, the economy and,

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and, the state and academic institution.

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And, the situation that we are living

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and breathing in, in academia is a neoliberal,

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capitalist knowledge economy.

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So there has been a structure, structuration of academia

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and the ethos of academia

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and men of academia actually, you know,

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they've, they've changed.

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So we have transitioned from a, a cultural institution

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to a new liberal capitalist institution,

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and we are actually,

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working in a capitalist knowledge economy.

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So in this capitalist knowledge economy, there is,

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there is a lot of talk about, efficiency.

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So efficiency is the hallmark of this, you know,

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academia and academic work and productivity.

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So what shows your productivity as an academic is,

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you know, how many papers you, you publish

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and in what journals and in what, languages.

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So basically, everything

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and everybody has become, has been commodified.

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So knowledge is marketized.

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And as an academic, you're expected to go

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and to, produce knowledge, to construct knowledge,

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and then package it in a very beautiful, you know,

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packaging and publish it in a very prestigious,

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journal.

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Uh, which is usually, an anglophone,

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journal, an English journal, in,

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with a high impact.

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So, and that's your responsibility to raise the echelon

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of yourself as an academic and your university.

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So you see that there's a process of, commodification

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for those, for both, academic institutions for knowledge

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and also for for academics.

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So in order to get, a better jobs, in order

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to get funding for your research, in order to get promotion

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to survive and establish yourself in

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academia, you have to publish.

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And this is a very major, reason

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that many academics, especially novice academics

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who are not, you know, who are new to this atmosphere

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and to this context, they're, under a lot of pressure

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to publish in those journals.

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Uh, but it doesn't

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Mean that it's just a system that is pushing academics,

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to publish in predatory journals

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and present at predatory conferences.

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So we also have unethical, you know, academics, who

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for a range of different reasons, they, they publish

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and present in those journals and in those, conferences.

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But, a big, part of it is on awareness

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of what is predatory publishing

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and predatory presenting, what are the consequences?

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And this phenomenon has turned into an existential,

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actually threat to the integrity and ethics of scholarship

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and, academic knowledge.

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But generally speaking, what we can see is

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that this business is, is growing.

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So this is basically a business model.

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And predatory publishers

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and journals are parasites

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that are feeding on the knowledge system that we have,

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or the knowledge economy that we have.

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So it's not just a small business

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or, you know, limited number of people that are doing that.

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And, and again, the, the concept

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of predatory publishing is a, is a vague

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and a, concept, and it's a gray area

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because, you know,

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and one of the critiques, against the list that Jeffrey

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Bale had was that this list, you know,

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is not clear enough in terms of differentiating journals

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that are, actually predatory journals

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and are exploiting the knowledge production

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and, you know, dissemination mechanism that we have

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from journals that,

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let's say they don't have a robust editorial system

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or a, a, a robust, editorial process

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for a gatekeeping knowledge.

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So we are dealing with a range of different concepts

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and different, you know, people and, enterprises

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and, you know, businesses there.

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Um, there is, journals that are not necessarily

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predatory journals, but they do not have, the,

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the high quality that you expect, of,

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an academic journal

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or a, a good, international academic journal.

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Um, so, and, part of it again, is

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because the, this gatekeeping system that, you know,

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we have currently is not working very well.

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So this gatekeeping system is basically working on the free

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work and service of many academics who are doing reviews,

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for journals and editing journals.

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And, nowadays, I'm a journal editor, myself,

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and, you know, we have difficulty finding people who can

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take, you know, some time, off their,

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busy schedules and review, for, for,

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their academic community for free.

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So, yeah, it's, it's very complicated.

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So, we should be aware of the fact that, both

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predatory journals and people

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who publish in predatory journals,

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we cannot just categorize them in one single category

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as people who are actually helping this system survive.

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So there is a lot of unaware, there is a lot of,

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you know, vague, blind spots there where,

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and there's a lot of confusion in terms of what is actually,

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predatory, publishing and predatory presenting.

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My research, is basic, generally speaking, at,

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in the field of education and applied linguistics.

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And it's, the, I I would say,

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my research areas and interests,

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are include academic literacies, academic writing

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and publishing, and, omes

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and the, geopolitics

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and socioeconomics

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of knowledge production and dissemination.

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So in this research and in this, field and,

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and the, as I said, the, the field of English

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for research publication purposes,

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which is basically looking at different aspects

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of knowledge production

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and dissemination, including, challenges

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that international academics,

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especially novice scholars have for writing and publishing

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and academic journals, mentorship

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and support mechanisms that we have at,

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different levels, individual, institutional, local

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and global levels for, you know, supporting academics

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to publish in, in, in academic journals, predatory,

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publishing, publishing practices of,

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underrepresented populations, female scholars,

10:41.925 --> 10:43.645
L-G-B-T-Q, community.

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So, and, what are some of the,

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institutional initiatives

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and measures that we can have in place in terms

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of workshops, in terms of courses, in terms

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of services at writing centers that we can develop in order

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to, help academics to, to especially novice academics

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to publish in academic journals.

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Um, that this specific book,

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basically is a, an edited book.

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Uh, and I co-edited that with a colleague of, mine.

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And, and this book, we,

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brought together an international cast of scholars,

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both anglophone scholars

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and multilingual,

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scholars from different international academic contexts,

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from, different countries, different continents,

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to try to, have a more nuanced, detailed picture

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of the dynamics, of,

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and the landscape of predatory,

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publishing in different academic contexts.

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So, generally speaking, we try to

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look at the contextual social, political, discursive,

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psychological, aspects of, you know,

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predatory, publishing.

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And the book,

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actually is divided into three sections or parts.

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We looked at, the roots of

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and the reasons for a predatory publishing.

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We looked at the incentives, and,

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and the lus that are there for academics

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to publish in academic journals.

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And also, we looked at solutions

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and strategies that we can adopt in order to,

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actually, to, to encounter, this,

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this, this problem.

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And, what is also very important is that,

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so we used, a range of different methodologies,

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discourse analysis, autoethnography,

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ethnographic studies,

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and we, looked at both, predatory publishing

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and predatory conferences.

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So there is an interesting chapter where, an academic,

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is talking about how they fell, prey

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to academic conferences,

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and they, you know, they had

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to spend their conference funding to go to, a, a fake

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and predatory conference.

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Um, so, the pedagogy of, writing

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for publication and the pedagogy that is related to,

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predatory publishing is, is an under, research area,

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and also the accounts

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and narratives that we can have from different academics

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because, a lot of times there's this stigma

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that people are not, open to say that,

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or I felt pre to this journal,

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or I published, as an academic.

13:30.635 --> 13:34.285
Because the general conception is that as an academic, you,

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you know, you know which journal is predatory

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and which journal is not,

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or which conference is predatory or not.

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But, again, even if you are an,

13:44.505 --> 13:48.085
an established academic, you may actually fall prey

13:48.085 --> 13:50.605
to those practices.

13:50.625 --> 13:54.005
And the fact is, those practices are,

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are getting more and more complicated.

13:57.375 --> 14:00.595
So if you look at the discourse of the predatory emails

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that, are sent to academics, they are,

14:05.415 --> 14:06.475
you know, very similar

14:06.655 --> 14:09.435
and get it approximating to, the,

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or the legitimate journals, the emails that we get

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for invitations that we get

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for publishing academic journals.

14:15.835 --> 14:18.235
So, which makes things, much more difficult

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for many academics, we should look at, micro, macro

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meso and micro, solutions.

14:25.455 --> 14:27.515
So maybe a, a,

14:27.635 --> 14:31.195
a big solution which may not be feasible now, is

14:31.255 --> 14:32.795
to change the mechanism

14:32.935 --> 14:35.835
and our imagination of knowledge production

14:35.835 --> 14:38.315
and dissemination the systems that we have

14:39.055 --> 14:41.395
or overhaul the current system that we have

14:41.825 --> 14:44.795
because, knowledge production

14:44.795 --> 14:47.555
and knowledge construction nowadays is not democratic.

14:47.775 --> 14:51.565
So basically, the only,

14:52.115 --> 14:54.885
stakeholder that is profiting basically,

14:55.385 --> 14:56.965
or the, the only entity

14:56.965 --> 15:00.325
that is profiting in this mechanism is publishers.

15:01.245 --> 15:03.705
And that's why we have publishers,

15:03.705 --> 15:05.225
because it's a lucrative business.

15:05.295 --> 15:08.865
It's a, multi-billion dollar business.

15:09.445 --> 15:14.105
So e even, I mean, more lucrative than some

15:14.105 --> 15:16.665
of these big companies like Apple,

15:16.725 --> 15:18.265
or, you know, car companies.

15:18.765 --> 15:22.825
Um, so, I, I don't know to what extent

15:23.005 --> 15:25.905
or whether at all we can change the system

15:25.975 --> 15:27.345
that knowledge goes through

15:27.645 --> 15:30.465
or behind the paywall of these publishers.

15:30.605 --> 15:35.305
And then, taxpayers money, academics free,

15:35.645 --> 15:39.865
you know, work is actually, contributing to,

15:40.085 --> 15:41.265
to the, to that business.

15:41.325 --> 15:43.025
And as I said, they are the only ones

15:43.025 --> 15:44.185
that are making money here.

15:44.205 --> 15:47.545
So we should come up with some ways to be able to,

15:47.605 --> 15:49.065
to democratize knowledge

15:49.605 --> 15:53.585
and to, find a mechanism where people's,

15:54.025 --> 15:55.865
taxpayer's money actually benefits them

15:55.965 --> 15:58.585
by making knowledge more accessible to general public.

15:58.725 --> 16:01.945
So this way, maybe,

16:02.205 --> 16:06.945
and, we can, kind of, you know,

16:07.355 --> 16:10.145
counteract against what is happening in the

16:10.425 --> 16:11.625
predatory, sphere.

16:12.205 --> 16:15.825
Um, the other thing is the, the monopoly that we have in,

16:15.845 --> 16:19.865
in, in terms of the language of publication that,

16:19.885 --> 16:21.905
you know, English, medium,

16:21.905 --> 16:24.185
publications are valued the most.

16:24.925 --> 16:29.345
Um, so that pushes many predatory journals, many,

16:29.945 --> 16:34.185
academics to actually seek ways to, to publish,

16:34.245 --> 16:36.305
or to solicit, you know,

16:36.305 --> 16:38.465
publishing in predatory journals.

16:38.925 --> 16:43.625
Um, part of the, solution is the educational,

16:43.765 --> 16:47.425
you know, part, and what academic institutions

16:47.645 --> 16:50.305
and, you know, individual scholars can do, mentors,

16:50.815 --> 16:55.025
supervisors raising awareness of predatory, you know,

16:55.025 --> 16:59.545
publishing, you know, offering courses, workshops,

16:59.805 --> 17:04.105
seminars, you know, talks,

17:04.605 --> 17:05.905
on predatory publishing

17:06.525 --> 17:09.425
and creating this network of support, especially

17:09.485 --> 17:12.585
for novice scholars, with their peers,

17:12.735 --> 17:13.945
with their supervisors.

17:13.955 --> 17:16.265
Where, unfortunately, one of the things

17:16.265 --> 17:20.625
that is not happening in many academic contexts is,

17:20.815 --> 17:22.185
writing for publication

17:22.485 --> 17:24.985
and English for research publication purposes, courses

17:25.595 --> 17:28.585
where we are not, we are taking it for granted that someone

17:28.685 --> 17:31.665
who gets into a doctoral program basically learns about

17:31.905 --> 17:33.705
academic publishing, and we don't need

17:33.705 --> 17:36.865
to teach them academic discourse or academic publishing.

17:37.245 --> 17:40.105
So if we can offer these courses, these,

17:40.365 --> 17:44.025
or make it part of another, course like research

17:44.655 --> 17:48.865
methodology, so we can raise awareness of, the,

17:49.545 --> 17:52.245
of the, of this, phenomenon.

17:52.715 --> 17:55.805
Also other stakeholders like librarians, for example,

17:55.825 --> 17:59.605
in this book, we had a couple of chapters by librarians

17:59.705 --> 18:04.325
who, you know, shared their solutions as to how we can help,

18:04.505 --> 18:07.125
novice scholars, institutions.

18:07.745 --> 18:10.765
So, one of the reasons for, resorting

18:10.765 --> 18:14.645
to predatory publishing is the evaluation regimes

18:14.995 --> 18:18.245
that we have at institutional and, and national

18:18.305 --> 18:19.645
and international devils

18:19.645 --> 18:22.405
that they're pushing you towards publishing,

18:22.425 --> 18:24.725
in international English medium journals.

18:24.945 --> 18:27.805
So if we can change those, you know,

18:27.975 --> 18:31.245
evaluation systems and also the, the extent

18:31.245 --> 18:35.485
to which local knowledge economies are interacting,

18:35.505 --> 18:39.325
or are separate from the global knowledge economy,

18:39.385 --> 18:40.965
and how strong they they are,

18:41.035 --> 18:44.965
because if the, the, the local knowledge economy is strong

18:45.025 --> 18:47.525
and academics can publish in their own language

18:47.625 --> 18:49.845
or local languages, indigenous languages,

18:50.185 --> 18:51.445
rather than being pushed

18:51.465 --> 18:52.925
to publish an international journal.

18:53.145 --> 18:57.805
So this could, could maybe help them,

18:58.225 --> 19:01.285
to, to, to strike a balance between, okay, to what extent

19:01.285 --> 19:04.405
of my, I want to share with global academic community

19:04.465 --> 19:05.685
and what extent it may work.

19:05.805 --> 19:09.365
I want to share with my local community and what mediums

19:09.425 --> 19:13.285
and also exploiting the, the affordances

19:13.345 --> 19:16.485
of social media, in, in terms of

19:16.505 --> 19:18.525
how we can make knowledge more democratic

19:18.525 --> 19:20.525
and accessible to general public.

19:21.265 --> 19:25.045
Um, instead of just, you know, living in our,

19:25.255 --> 19:29.485
ivory towers and then sharing, the, the knowledge

19:29.485 --> 19:32.725
that is produced with those who are living in those towers.

19:33.305 --> 19:38.005
Um, because basically, as I said, it's the general public

19:38.065 --> 19:40.885
and taxpayers money that is funding universities

19:41.025 --> 19:44.725
and, you know, funding agencies to be able

19:44.725 --> 19:46.565
to support scholarship and research.

19:46.665 --> 19:48.565
So this accumulated knowledge

19:48.585 --> 19:51.165
and produce knowledge actually should, should benefit

19:51.385 --> 19:53.125
and go to general public as well.

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